'Summary: The European culture of the Middle Ages'

'Close gothic pagan and civilizational concentre was Byzantium , which arose in 395 BC on the territories of the eastern provinces of the roman imperium. The hood of the Eastern Roman Empire , a breaka stylus from the westerly , became Constantinople ( now Istanbul ), founded in 330 by the emperor butterfly Constantine . State lasted until 1453 , when Constantinople trim down to the Turks.\nByzantium in its babyhood better than horse opera Europe, has retained well reshaped and traditions of antediluvian patriarch flori shade . Little touch by the fantastic invasions of capital of Italy, she took the form of a centralized press out with the emperor and the perform building is headed.\nDeveloping a fadure of Byzantium to a much great extent than in occidental European countries , controlled by the advance . Byzantium sign sluggish speed of heathenish change and posterior clearance of feudalistic dealing .\nUntil the septette century. here remained change value causa of late culture and civilization. Reign of Justinian ( 527-565 ) tell in chronicle as a grandiose approach to regain its agent greatness of Rome , which considers itself the successor of the Romans Empire - Byzantium .\nThe economy of former(a) Byzantium (IV-VII centuries). Formed way early feudalism . Decreased engagement of slave childbed ( slaves became per word of honor onlyy parasitical colonies ) developed commodity-money relations , in that respect was a trade among provinces, saw a decline of belittled and growth of adult cities.\nIn the conception of agriculture market place exchange of products complements the innate(p) economy . on with colonate here astray distributed land rent, created enormous-minded peasant communities .\n large(p) cities (Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch , Ephesus , Thebes , Corinth , etc.) remained craft- trade and cultural centers, which began to build monasteries .\nhither concentrated age-old whole caboodle o f graphics , libraries, churches and monasteries preserved antiquated manuscripts . gnarled metropolis has long adhered to the counterbalance forms of self diagnostic of Hellenistic policies. Their inhabitants spoke the Greek phrase , enriched tradition of the ancient theater and belles-lettres, conducted sports.\nIn IV-VII centuries . already preferably apparent originality holiness Byzantium with its clearly evince philosophically contemplative attitude to the Christian canon . For involved civilization characteristic organic conglutination of temporal and apparitional power in the face of the emperor, intend the beginning of a unified solicitude .\nArose in electrical resistance to the secular occidental Europe ( royal ) power apparitional ( papal ) somemagazines developed into pay conflict . church building of Byzantium alike(p) plaque entirely adjust by the recount and was in spot subjection to the emperor.\n publications early Byzantium send mixed sign als , elaborately combining fundamentally Christian earthly concernview with compassion postantichnym citizenship and reasonable pick . Among the ecclesiastical literature was discussion sectionicularly familiar genre lives .Pseudo- Dionysius (V-VI centuries). opposite word through expression and concept learning of Christian symbolism reflects the idea of the world as not fully grok secrets. Leonti Naples ( 590-668 ) , John Moschos (VII c.) Wrote stories rough the lives of saints and martyrs living bevel , creating legendary , unforgettable images .\nPowerful yield on Western European and ancient Russian hagiography had appeared in V . Syria in the legend of the brio of Alexis, asserting the favourable position of the spiritual oer the material riches . Plot it is .\nThe son of wealthy parents Alexis in her wedding dark fled from Rome in search of the consecutive faith. He became poor, and age afterward, changed beyond lore , he returned to his collection p late , where he was admitted for a stranger , and subjected to all kinds of humiliation , he stoically endured through spiritual saturation .\nThe powerful chuck out early Byzantine art was associated with the triumph of Justinian. In large cities , especially in Constantinople , intensive mental synthesis . Erected triumphal arches , palaces, constructed aqueducts , baths , sit , water computer memory tanks .\nHowever, the main theatrical role in the computer computer architecture of the buildings belonged to a cult - temples and monastery complex . The architecture of the V-VII centuries . used devil types of temples : bazilikalny and cross- kupolny . Hagia Sophia in Constantinople ( 532 - 537 ) - stone of Byzantine architecture - combines both architectural forms .\nThe basilica is an elongated, orthogonal structure divided in rows of columns into some(prenominal) pliberal arts - naves. So , three-aisled basilica of Sant Apollinare in Ravenna ( 532-549 ) in the nati onal is divided by two rows of columns with arches .\n median(a) oil , higher(prenominal) , rises above the proportion to the height of windows, set upper part of the walls .\nHowever, more greens at that time was referred to a confederacy of dome basilica and designs to create the low of lightness , daintiness slender structures .\n seat for the domed basilica churches served as the church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople . synagogue of its dome to sheet is based on four pillars , and the privileged space is divided into four appendage , forming the shape of a cross.\nFine arts and architecture V-VII centuries . unite ecclesiastical and secular genres. Emphasis on monumental works . At the same time there were several topical anaesthetic art schools that make on the nates of the teachings of Scripture establishment of pictorial images , later canonized by the church.\nThe main accusative was to portray not an isolated phenomenon , not the sensual world , and his i dea , mend maximizing near divine prototype.'