World History Essay Example for Free

World History EssayBuddhism was founded in India during the 6th century and brought to China by the first century. Buddhism spread widely and cause china to have a period of political instability and disunity, but then later restored the imperial structure. By going from India to China, it had mixed results. more Chinese accepted Buddhism and defended it while other observed Buddhisms absence from past texts and used it as an excuse for political and social problems. Still others remained impertinent hoping that it would entirely work itself out and develop into a unified Chinese culture. Documents 2 and 3 defend and encourage Buddhism while 4 and 6 scrutinize and discourage its spread. Documents 1 and 5 neither encourage or discourage the religions spread, they simply state how it should be dealt with. An additional inventory that would be helpful would be a chart or graph that showed the number of people who converted to Buddhism. It would be helpful to see which group of documents was correct or who was just over-reacting.Documents 2 and 3 defend and support the spread of Buddhism. Document 2 speaks of the many joys, including Nirvana, of joining Buddhism. However, the informant, Zhi Dun is part of the upper class and does not have a point of view from the lower class, which made up most of the population. Document 3 counters the scrutiny of anti-Buddhists with logic. However, since the author is anonymous, his influence in the document is difficult to pinpoint, nonetheless his role as a scholar certainly dictates a slight upper class position, just like document 2.Documents 4 and 6 twain discourage the spread and use of Buddhism. Document 4 ridicules Buddhism as a cult of barbarian peoples, saying how Confucianism is all truth and Buddhism is all lies. Of course Han Yus position in the imperial court makes his opinions 20 times more powerful than any peasants. Document 6 blames Buddhism for all of the problems in Chinese society. Since the auth or is Emperor Wu himself, it is very likely that his opinions carried a lot of importance in his nation, even though people sometimes adopt prohibited acts merely in attempt to rebel against the law.Documents 1 and 5 neither encourage or discourage Buddhisms spread in China, but attempt to negotiate. Document 1 is directly from the Buddhist tradition, laying down the basic laws and guides to a happy and enlightened life. Since the document is taken straight from sacred texts, it was most likely the beliefs of all Buddhists. Document 5 attempts to make a compromise among the conflicts of belief systems in China. Although Zong Mis intentions may seem fair, he himself is a Buddhist scholar, so his ideas might just be an effort to defend Buddhism.The spread of Buddhism in China during the first century was met with different aspects and ideas. Many Chinese accepted Buddhism and defended it, as in documents 2 and 3, while other observed Buddhisms absence from past texts and used it as an excuse for political and social problems, like documents 4 and 6. Still others remained indifferent hoping that it would all work itself out and develop into a unified Chinese culture, such as documents 1 and 5. Also, another additionaldocument that could be helpful would be a text from peasants or the lower class, saying how they feel about Buddhism.

The Role of An Individual As It Comes From Toni Morrison Essay Example for Free

The Role of An Individual As It Comes From Toni Morrison EssayIf theres a prevail you want to read, but it hasnt been written yet, then you must write it. (Morrison). In reading Toni Morrisons short story Recitatif, there are some(prenominal) things that Morrison does for her contributors that allow us to relate and make the story our own. Morrison is a prime example of how language and translation play a role in the readers experience and what the reader takes away from the story. In Recitatif Morrison also helps the reader perceive how much the past affects hotshots future. The past is never dead, its not even past. (William Faulkner, Requiem for a Nun).The way in which Toni Morrison begins Recitatif is crucial to understand the entire story. It is just as Faulkner has said in the aforementioned restate the past is never dead. Twyla and Roberta moderate both been dramatically affected by their past and the stereotypes others have planted. Before Twyla and Roberta eve n got to talk more than a fewer words, Twyla had assumptions about Roberta, ideas constructed by her past. This is ever true for each of us.Based on the experiences and circumstances we previously endured, we mold our future. Our individuality is mainly basedon others in that because of what others inflict on us or walk with us through, we build our future. We are but the summation of our past. Thurmond 2 Both girls may have had already formed ideas about each other.However the reader cannot do the same. Morrison does not allow the reader to know which character is white and which is black. She does this to portray the difference mingled with necessary characteristics and accidental characteristics. By not know which girl is which race, we cannot make automatic assumptions, this is known as accidental characteristics. Accidental characteristics are notprovided in a story but assumed, and dramatically affect perception.A necessary characteristic is purposely revealed in hopes that we as readers would mold our ideas of the story more virtually with what the author intended. Virginia Woolf believed that the problem with 1920s authors was that they focused on the physical, not the mental, but Toni Morrison removes the physical so readers can more accurately assess the story. Morrison is very orderly to the point. She says what she needs to say and does not say what she does not need to say. She is honest and blunt, and this helps readers to dig deeper than the text.Her language is very easy to understand, she eliminates any questions of confusion readers may have regarding the story. Also, by her putting the story into easy-to-understand language, it allows the reader to relate to her on a new level. Simple language and easy translation helps the audience take the story and make it their own, thus giving them a connection to the work. When a reader says a story speaks to them, perhaps this is what they mean. If a reader can easily understand the story, they ca n easily dig deeper and re-tell the story in a way that only they can.My version of Recitatif would be considerably different thatsomeone elses because it intend something different to me than to them. There are many things to be said about Toni Morrison and her story Recitatif. As it relates to language and translation, I do not think anyone would speak out about her style. She has a way with words that allows the reader to, instead of evaluating the story, evaluate Thurmond 3 themselves through her story. Is this not what it is all about? As individuals, Morrison encourages us to be ourselves, because that is all we can be. We can shape our lives and tell our story in a way that no one else could so be you, no one else can do that.

A Family Medical Pedigree Health And Social Care Essay

A Family aesculapian pedigree(prenominal) wellness And Social Care EssayIndividuals inherit many traits and characteristics from their parents. The color of your eyes, hair, and body type shtup all in all in all be traced back to the genes passed on to you by your family. Perhaps more primary(prenominal) to your future well being than your outward appearance is the family medical tendencies you inherit. The United States lieu of the Attorney General states that obtaining an accurate health history and recording it can give you and your medical appendr information you need for better health (http//www.hhs.gov/familyhistory/).The Family Medical Pedigree is also called a Family Tree or Genogram (Olsen, S., Dudley-Br cause, S., McMullen, P. 2004). The Pedigree is a diagram showing connections to relatives going back at least three generations. At a minimum it includes date of birth or develop, sex, and health problems (http//www.nsgc.org/).Once this information is gathered and recorded it can be shared with medical providers and other family members to provide information needed to make sound health decisions (http//www.hhs.gov/famlyhistory/).Significant Health HistoryUsing the information contained in Jarvis (2008), the National Society of Genetic Counselors (http//www.nsgc.org), and Health and Human Services (https//familyhistory.hhs.gov/fhh-web/home.action), web sites I was able to construct by own Family Medical Pedigree. Seeing the information in print allowed me to easily coiffe the predominant disease traits in my family. Jarvis (2008), names specific diseases or conditions to pay particular attention to including heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, diabetes, blood disorders, cancer, sickle-cell anemia, arthritis, allergies, obesity, alcoholism, mental illness, seizure disorder, kidney disease and tuberculosis. In my Pedigree there is an obvious tendency towards cardiovascular disease. Specifically five of my relatives have had myocardial infarctions (MI), one MI resulted in death, septet had/have hypertension including myself, my paternal grand bugger off died from complications related to cerebral vascular accident that was caused by untreated hypertension, and my father died of kidney disease which was directly related to ill-treat caused by hypertension. My mother has hypertension and although fairly well controlled she has had an MI and suffers from a retinal vein occlusion and macular degeneration which has resulted in severe vision impairment. what is more osteo and rhematoid arthritis is rattling prevalent in our family. In addition there is a strong maternal tendency towards hypothyroidism of which four females on the maternal side of the Pedigree have including me.Lifestyle Contributing FactorsIt is important to note that five of my relatives had lifestyles that contributed to hypertension and three of the five also suffered from an MI. My mother and father were heavy smokers for most of their big(p) lives, each quitting when the health implications became obvious. My paternal aunt was a heavy smoker until an MI which resulted in her death. Although obesity is a contributor to hypertension and heart disease, all of my relatives had/have relatively normal weights. My mother has sarcoidosis and was energeticly treated for a long time with prednisone which contributed to her vision problems. Important to note is that not altogether did my mother smoke but she also exposed herself to countless hazardous chemicals while working most of her life in kitchens. One would not reckon a commercial kitchen as a hazardous place to work until you realize the cleaning agents that are used on a regular basis. My mother was and continues to be a cleaning fanatic and considers the harsher the chemical the better.Torpy, J. (2006) claims that there are many theories about how sarcoidosis is acquired including environmental exposure, and genetic tendencies. In addition to sarcoidosis my mother has age related macular degeneration (ARMD), the American Medical Association (http// ama-assn.org) states (as cited by Haines, J., Spencer K., Pericak-Vance, M., 2007) that ARMD has genetic and environmental links especially smoking.Risks and Risk ReductionFrom reviewing my Family Medical Pedigree it is balmy to see that I have inherited the tendency towards and the conditions of hypertension, hypothyroidism, and arthritis. In addition I am at risk for ARMD and sarcoidosis which also has genetic tendencies. My physician is very proactive and has taken my family health history into consideration in providing my fearfulness. I have had an EKG and stress test, laboratory analysis for rheumatoid arthritis and annually I undergo tests to check for kidney function and cholesterol and routinely monitor my blood pressure. I see an ophthalmologist every year and hope that by reduction my risk factors for ARMD such as not smoking I do not succumb to it. Finally I am on medication for hyperte nsion and hypothyroidism and I am happy to report both are well controlled. Considering lifestyle I have never smoked, and try to stay as active as possible with horseback riding and working and playing with my dogs. Another lifestyle change I should consider is diet although I watch what I eat, I could do a much better job by eliminating saturated fats and losing 20 pounds.ConclusionThere are user friendly, easily complaisant tools available on the internet that can give ear everyone to create and record their family health history using a Family Medical Pedigree. The information gained can assist individuals to make informed decisions about their lifestyle and medical care. Olsen, S., Dudley-Brown, S., McMullen, P. (2004) confirm Appropriately used, a family history generated pedigree can be one of the health care providers most powerful clinical tools for health risk identification and prevention(295).Even the U.S. Surgeon General Dr. Regina M. Benjamin feels that accurate fam ily medical history is important enough that she has created the Family Health History Initiative. This initiative has made recording health information accessible to everyone by providing a free online site to create your own Family Health Pedigree (www.surgeongeneral.gov). In summary by providing a Family Medical Pedigree and working collaboratively with your medical provider for proper screening, treatment, and lifestyle change you can decrease your risk for inherited diseases and preserve health.

The Perception Of Happiness In Teenagers Philosophy Essay

The Perception Of Happiness In Teenagers Philosophy EssayMost teenagers do not know the reliable meaning behind happiness. A teenager usually feels stuck between childhood and pornographichood, and that explains their mood shifts. In this look for, a teenager was interviewed ab keep an eye on out his perspectives of how he open fire be happy just to derive close to points to help answer my research question. For happiness to tolerate inside the teenage soul is quite a tall(prenominal) task due to the teenagers unstable mood swings. If the teenager were to grow up as a depressed psyche, no liaison good result come out of our country in future generations.IntroductionThe teenage stage in life is kn avow to be the most complicated stage that a person undergoes. In that stage, teenagers are stuck between two stages the childhood and adulthood. Teenagers want to be treated bid adults, yet their actions show that they are still immature.For happiness to reside inside the teen age soul is quite a difficult task due to the teenagers unstable mood swings. The number of depressed teens in the world seems to be increasing. People wonder why when the have these wonderful technology nowa courses, but maybe these miscellaneous items arent where happiness come fromOne reason behind teenagers melancholy is maybe because teenagers dont know the certain meaning and instruction of being happy. If teens grow up to be depression people, they will absolutely affect our community in m whatever negative ways. It is a in truth critical matter to know of some ways that teenagers can procure happiness by.The aim of this research is to go through out much than about true happiness in teenagers and what they can do to be happy. This is a serious matter that needs to be withal dealt in professional hands because teenagers are in truth complicated people.Research Question What are some ways that will help teenagers achieve true happiness?Literature reviewStrack, Schwarz , Gschneidinger (1985) assert, ane must consider the psychological mechanisms that mediate between the external event and individuals happiness and satisfaction. Strack, Schwarz, Gschneidinger mention that a persons way of mentation, his psychological thoughts, will help him reach happiness and satisfaction with the outside world. They show that it isnt the external stituations that coerces a person happy. Infact it is the psychological mechanism that a person thinks in that will make that person happy and satisfied.According to Martin (2005), happiness consists of a combination of three distinct elements pleasure, the absence of displeasure, and satisfaction. All these elements seem to come from emotional and psychological areas. The first element pleasure is in the emotional state of feeling great. The second element the absence of displeasure, he quite reflects that no matter what happens, a person should not feel hard or unsatisfied with what he has. The three element sat isfaction, he clearly says that one should evermore be satisfied. All these psychological elements seem to be revolving around the same concept. stein (2011) says, Its far more samely the cashier was rude because of some function in his own life. Furthermore, you will be happier if you assume his bad manners are due to his own issues. Thats two good reasons to assume it has nothing to do with you and move on. Stein gives an example of a situation that a person can face in an optimistic manner were she describes an angry cashier that sort of spoke in a rude manner. Instead of making a scene about it, Stein shows that if you show empathy towards the cashier and think that maybe he had a bad day, you will be much happier and his problems wont affect you.Stein also said, If you look hard enough, you can find something to learn and some good in any situation. Ein truthone has ups and downs in his or her life. The ups are the ones that any person does his or her best to cherish and love them, which is a good thing. But, when a bad thing or situation happens, people try to isolate these memories yet they know they cant. This will affect them mentally. But if they were to learn from these experiences and find the good in them, they will be happier no matter what happened.Methodology SectionType of Research survey.Data Collection Tool Tape-Recorded InterviewAlthough there are many a(prenominal) types of data collection tools, the most suitable tool for this research is a tape-recorded interview. An interview makes it easier for the interviewee to express his emotions and describe his real life experiences, noting down either single detail. That way the interviewee can tell his answers and renderings more clearly and accurately.Background of interviewee When picking an interviewee candidate for my interview, the following must be unploughed in friendshipA person who is a teenager (age 12-18) a teenager must be the interviewee to know how teenagers think and act. One must not interview an adult for a teenagers point of view.A person who always hightail its to avoid having problems Such a teenager will not have many problems with other people, and so he will hardly be sad.A person who is happy and satisfied with life Knowing what made him happy or how did he constitute happy will greatly assist this research.A person who is very calm and doesnt act irrationally Such teens will know how to act in harsh situations without hurting themselves.Analysis and InterpretationThe interviewee seems to be very understanding on the way other teenagers think. He grew up in the hands of very strict parents, yet he never complained about them. In fact, he always mentions how much he loves them and how grateful he is towards them. He also mentions some mistakes that teenagers always do.The interviewee starts the interview by giving two common wrong thoughts of what teenagers think happiness is. Teenagers usually think that happiness comes either from extri nsic items, manage gifts and expensive objects, or intrinsic bonds, like those between your family and friends. The interviewee states, happiness is just how you think and how you interpret the problems you face in your everyday life. He says that happiness is more of a mindset rather than a physical or emotional being.The interviewee gives a wrong common interpretation that teenagers think when he gives an example to his description of happiness. He said, when you face a problem between you and your family, what a teenager usually thinks that his parents hates him and that his life is over Then he gives a consequence to this thinking when he says, and then slowly these negative thoughts start controlling him gradually and he will end up hating his parents. He shows that this way of thinking is one of the reasons why teenagers are unhappy. He then shows the correct way of thinking when he said, But if he thinks about it in a positive way, like instead of his parents hating him, he should think that his parents are doing this to protect him, he will be a much happier and thankful person. He shows that optimism and empathy will make any teenager more happy and accepting. He summarizes his point that happiness comes from positive thinking.The interviewee shows that with the correct mindset, a teenager can feel like the happiest person in the world when he said, I really like to think of myself as from the happiest kids on earth because I believe when u thinks like that you feel like that. He shows that even if there is a problem, being proactive is best to solve it and therefore be much happier. He implies if a teenager is not proactive, his problems will gradually grow and expand, and they might reach to a point where this problem will affect him negatively.The interviewee shares some of his methods that make him happy when he said, substantially I try my best to think of my life and problems in a different way, by always thinking positive. Plus I always tend to expect the worst, but not in a pessimistic way. He gives an additional example were he shows that happiness comes from the correct thoughts or the correct mindset. He shows that having humble expectations can help a teenager be much more happy and appreciative in any situation.The interviewee describes himself as any other teenager, showing that he can also be in the same situation that any teenager can be in. The only different thing is the way he acts in that situation. He implies that being self-aware and proactive is the best way to approach a situation. This way a teenager can solve any problem that stands in his way, therefore making him a happier person.In the end of the interview, the interviewee asserted that happiness is internal, and that any teenager can be happy if he wants to. He indirectly states again that true happiness comes from the correct mindset.ConclusionSo, What are some ways that will help teenagers achieve true happiness?Research Question AnswersThey sh ould think positively.They should show empathy toward others.They should be optimistic.They should be proactive towards their problems.They should have humble expectationsThey should be self-aware.In conclusion, the mistakes those teenagers commit mostly revolve around their negative thoughts. This is one of the reasons that lead them to be depressed. Teens should be taught of such helpful methods that the interviewee showed and even more. Teenagers are the future of our community and they should be make full with happiness and bright thoughts.I recommend that teenagers should implement these methods that the interviewee performs because if the teenagers in our community were to be depressed and unsatisfied with life, they will grow to be unsuccessful men. Schools should make psychology classes that can help teenagers in their school learn more about how to be happy. This matter is very important because if our teens were to be unhappy then our community will fall to the ground be cause in the future they wont be successful. Scientists that understand about teenagers must perform more research and studies on the happiness in teenagers to help find more ways for them to be happy.Critical ReflectionWhen the second semester in school started, a sudden good deal hit me. I remembered that in the second semester we are supposed to take research classes, and in the end of the year were supposed to hand the teacher a full research project that will hold a high percentage of our report card grade. I was scared, until the first research period. Our teacher came and explained what research is and how easy it is if we follow 10 simple quantitys in the coming months. He also told us that this would help us in our university, especially because Im sack to pursue a medical career.The first stones throw wasnt very hard. I already had some areas in mind that I would love to know more about. I wrote the three areas easily, but the hard part was picking the one I wanted to work on most. In the end, I chose the topic I want most, and the one that seems to be the most informative. Until now, I felt great and satisfied with the research.In the second step, I had to pick the best title for my research. I had to check what I wanted to find in this research first to put the most suitable title. Until know the steps seem to be very simple, yet I knew I had a long way to go. I took a look at some research samples of the previous year. It was then when I became shocked and terrified. These samples seemed to be very complicated and long. I knew Im still very far from being able to perform a proper research.In the third step, I had to find some research questions that show my aim of this research. I asked the teacher for some guidance because I didnt want to pick a very complicated research question that needs time and relentless effort to perform. I felt relieved when I asked my teacher about it because as it seems the research questions I was going to choose w ere very complicated.In the fourth step, I had to figure how am I going to gather my information and in what method. This step felt like a break because I already planned before how am I going to gather my information.The fifth and sixth step were the hardest so far. I felt very pressured because we only had limited time to perform these steps. Finding the proper questions for my interview was very difficult, but with my teachers help I was able to finish in time. When I finished formulating my interview questions, I had to look for the best interviewee. This task was easy because I already had a person in mind.The seventh step wasnt hard, yet it was time consuming. I felt really pressured due to the fact we had two weeks left, and I still have many questions regarding the research. In this step I had to transcribe the whole interview on the computer. I felt like this step would take forever. I just kept on typing and typing non-stop until I finished transcribing it.Here I was in th e last three steps. I was scared, yet thrilled that Im almost do from the research. This step wasnt very complicated, but finding the correct information was very hard. I hardly found some literary reviews for my topic. These steps took a visual modality of time. For a second I thought I would never finish this research on time. So I worked very hard to finish this research, which took me days and nights of non-stop typing and searching. In the end, I was able to get this research done. I felt very happy and relieved because the final graded assignment of this year is finally over.ReferencesMartin, P. (2005).Making Happy People The Nature of Happiness and Its Origins in . Childhood. Paul Martin. HarperPerennial.Stein, C. (2011). How To Be Happy (p. 41). New York Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Retrieved from https//www.orangetreetheatre.co.uk/files/press-releases/OrangeTreeTheatrePressRelease-HowToBeHappy_0.pdfStrack, F., Schwarz, N., Gschneidinger, E. (1985). Happiness and reminiscing The position of time perspective, affect, and mode of thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(6), 1460-1469. doi10.1037//0022-3514.49.6.1460

Folklore Traditions and Paleontology

Folk learning Traditions and PaleontologyThe scientific process frames information using empirical reason, a system that extracts valuable and seemingly unsophisticated facts of nature while often affording less room for sources of knowledge that defy its exacting methodology. As a result, information coming from oral histories, figment and rite is non always regarded as valuable, or at least not as valuable as that which can be tested in a laboratory setting. Even so, traditions of folklore and so-called pure science nourish interacted across time, and the focus of this paper will be to marvel in what ways folklore has certified research in the field of paleontology. How did traditions of myth affect early impressions of dinosaur fossils, has folklore ever aided paleontologists work, and how have dinosaurs shaped myth itself these ar all questions I call up to answer, focusing mostly on fossils and folklore natal to North America and East Asia.Like any different field, s cience reflects the changing perspectives of people through variant time periods. By examining the role folklore wagers in paleontology, I am in any case interested in tracking larger themes of skepticism toward non- Hesperian sources, conflicts between scientific and ethnical tones, and how scientists understanding of what constitutes valid information changes. It would be shortsighted to state the case simply as one pitting European viewpoints against those of indigene American and Asian cultures. Beginning with Georges Cuvier and the theory of extinction, then later with Charles Darwin and the theory of evolution, westerly ideas themselves have long had to contend with the Christian narrative of intelligent design. As scientist and historian Adrienne mayor points go forth, even some Western folklore owe their beginnings to dinosaur fossils. I will be drawing lots of my material from Mayors 2013 restrain Fossil Legends and the First Americans which discusses the additiona l obstacles encountered in accessing and publishing information from indigenous sources. All of this is to show how sevenfold perspectives often shape scientific studies and how the cut and dry methodology we often associate with Western research is often more nuanced than it appears.Dinosaur fossil finds have occurred as long as people have walked the Earth, and it is not surprising to see how myths from around the creative activity take shape from encounters with dinosaur remains. Robert Plot in 1677 was likely the first to put a fossil discovery in scientific terms, though not without mythologic overtones. Part of a femur later described as belonging to Megalosaurus was called Scrotus Humanum by Robert Plot who included it in his book The Natural report of Oxfordshire. Coming long before dinosaurs were understood with any accuracy, Plot discusses multiple sources for the bone, which he does recognize as a thigh bone. He starts by suggesting it belonged to a Roman war elephant, then compares it to myths of giants, both in the Bible and in more modern history. Goliath features as evidence in Plots analysis along with a giant believed to have been in the Tartar army that invaded Eastern Europe in 1575 a Man of ordinary stature might go upright between his legs when he did stride (Plot). He concludes that the bone is very likely a man or womans, one whose kind was perhaps wiped out by the Flood because the skeletons of modern humans have not shrunken by any remarkable degree.A embark on from Robert Plots biblical references, his other observations are a blend of history and hearsay. Biblical references themselves are myths of their own kind, not so much in the reason of being fantastical, but insofar as they are stories used to explain reality. Taken in that light, they are equivalent to the myths about dinosaurs arising in autochthonal American and Chinese folklore traditions. Given his time and shoes, myths naturally certain his judgement, even in a sc ientific study. The other notable feature of Plots observation is the idea that a catastrophe, such as the biblical Flood, was responsible for the slice of whatever could have had such a huge femur. Georges Cuvier, who made a huge contribution to the study of paleontology about a century afterwards Plot, also appealed to the idea of catastrophes wiping out species, a view known as catastrophism. He used catastrophism to reason the phenomenon of extinction, an idea that at first conflicted with Cuviers own sense of the world as created perfectly by God. Why would a species go extinct if it was part of the divine creation, or why would God make it go extinct? The discovery of dinosaurs and the resulting theories about life did much in reshaping Western notions of natural history.though some beliefs were upset by these large fossils, others were stabilized and encouraged. Cuvier, presumably after reconciling with the reality of extinction, developed his views on catastrophism largely with the help of indigenous American sources. Having never traveled to North America, he relied on interpretations of indigenous folklore, journals and actual fossil specimens sent by natural scientists (Mayor). Mayor discusses how Cuvier had amassed a considerable trove of material, among which were fragments of mastodon tusks recovered from a branch of the Susquehanna River as it so happened, the Delaware and Lenape name for that section of the river is chemung, which translates to place of the horns (Mayor). Though it is not clear to what extent paleontologists have been led to excavation sites by the help of indigenous folklore, or in this case a simple translation and interpretation, it seems fairly likely that corroborations such as these proved adjuvant in some regard.Of course, what proved doubly helpful to Cuviers burgeoning theories was the existing Native American tales about the fossils they had found, which came to his attention through the work of Rembrandt Peale. P eale published a large amount of Native folklore, including the legend that the colossal creatures to whom the fossils belonged had once roamed the Earth, but were destroyed by a lighting bolt of the good Spirit in a brief but cataclysmic moment. Similar lore about the grandfather buffalo existed, no doubt because Natives had encountered the giant skeletons of Pleistocene bison which were widespread (Mayor). All this information reached Cuvier, who cited Peale in his own work and used Native myths of violent catastrophes to bolster his theories behind their extinction (Mayor). Again, though it is difficult to tell how much Native lore impacted Cuviers views, the very fact that he indite their myths is what a skeptical scientist might deem an ad hoc hypothesis, convenient for how it upholds the perspective he already finds compelling.While Mayor shows how myths were useful to Cuviers understanding of North American natural history, along with that of other figures like Thomas Jeffe rson, Phil Senter in a 2013 article discusses how myths have also been used more new-madely to debunk scientific theories. Senters piece titled Dinosaurs and pterosaurs in Greek and Roman art and literature? An investigation of young-earth creationist claimsfocuses on how fossil observations made during the ancient Greco-Roman civilizations have been re-interpreted by modern Christians looking to debunk the theory of evolution. Illustrations that Senter describes as reflecting encounters with Mesozoic reptile skeletons are claimed instead to be those of mammals and reptiles putting surface today in an attempt to trudge doubt on the separation of humans and such animals by millions of years (Senter). As this case clearly shows, mythology is a tool that can also be used to discredit science. Though this may, for some, be more incentive to steer clear from incorporating folklore into scientific narratives, Senter proves that it can be redeemed with a little research. If not to impro ve the general understanding of a subject by expanding the context in which it is studied, then folklore approached through science presents a way to overturn misconceptions at odds with commonly accepted scientific theories.Folklore in paleontology, or what Mayor calls fossil legends, can also work the other way around, aiding our understanding of myth creation itself. For instance, the Western myth of griffins is possibly the result of traders along the silk route in Central Asia encountering skulls belonging to Protoceratops (Mayor Heaney). Instead of myths informing the study of dinosaurs and the history of paleontology, as is the case with Native American folklore and fossils discovered in North America, this is an example of how paleontology can contribute to the study of myth and ancient cultural exchange. Though this particular connection between griffins and dinosaurs is disputed by some archeologists, it does not detract from the reality that mythology and science taken t ogether can add the multiple fields of study, such as anthropology and history in general (Tartaron). Another example of fossils informing cultural myths can be found in the habitual beliefs of dragons in China. According to paleontologist Dong Zhiming in his 1992 book Dinosaur Faunas of China, dinosaur remains from the Jurassic to Cretaceous Periods continue to be regarded as belonging to mythical dragons (Zhiming). In some parts of China, fossil remains are still extracted, crushed into powder, and consumed with the belief that they contain magical healing properties (AMNH).Similar beliefs were present in Lakota Native American culture. Beginning around the time of Cope and Marshs infamous Bone Wars, contact between indigenous figures and paleontologists was renewed. James Cook, a hunter who was friendly with the Lakota Sioux and who was shown a giant jawbone fossil by a man named Afraid of His Horses, introduced Othniel Marsh to famous Lakota Chief Red Cloud and persuaded the Si oux that Marsh was interested in bones, not gold. Marsh became good friends with Red Cloud, and incorporated the Lakota view that large fossils belong to extinct Thunder Beasts in his naming of Brontosaurus Thunder reptile (Mayor). Mayor also discusses Cooks ranch in Nebraska where Native Americans and paleontologists regularly interacted, but from which in that location is a frustrating lack of evidence directly linking Native folklore and knowledge to major excavation sites. In spite of that, the friendship of Marsh and Red Cloud is also testament to the role Native Americans personally helped in paleontological efforts. Though their myths did not accord with the scientists views, which by this time had outgrown Cuviers speculations, they show a clear awareness of fossils.Without getting into larger questions of discovery and what defines a paleontologist, I cannot help but underscore, as Mayor does in her book, the highly contrasting views that many Western scientists showed tow ard indigenous history. George Rogers Clark of the Lewis and Clark exhibition once wrote, I see no reason why indigenous tradition should not be received as good History, at least as good as a great part of ours, but the same broadmindedness was not forthcoming in other authorities. George Gaylord Simpson, professor at Columbia and Curator at the American Museum of Natural History, could not have been more dismissive of Native American claims to fossil discovery Indians certainly found and occasionally collected fossil bones but these discoveries are no real part of paleontological history (Mayor). This quote is one of Simpsons many showing his blatant disregard for work done outside the framework of handed-down scientific methodology. It is not an overstatement to suggest that he was simply racist. Yet this is every bit a part of the history of fossil discoveries, and it is worth discussing to see how much naturalists and paleontologists across time may have deliberately limited t heir own knowledge by abandoning non-conforming sources of information. Many of paleontologys major steps forward were, and still are, occasioned by untraditional methods of accessing information.Folklore is hard pressed on its own to describe where fossil remains may be found, but the example of Marsh, as well as his nemesis Edward Drinker Cope, proves that it was at the very least a tool of communication between Western scientists and Native guides. Cope was not as courageous as Othniel Marsh, but he did travel to the Badlands in South Dakota where he arranged to have a Sioux scout lead him to where the remains of Thunder Birds and pissing Monsters could be found. At one spot, he recovered the skull of a duck-billed dinosaur as well as fossils from 21 other dinosaur species (Mayor). By accepting folklore as a means of communication, Cope and Marsh were able to receive help in finding these bones, not to mention persuade understandably hostile Natives that they were not intereste d in appropriating their land. Suffice it to say that someone who disregarded the possibility that Natives had any knowledge of fossils would not have been so lucky as to be led to major excavation sites, or at least not on friendly terms.As the Sioux tradition regards monsters from the ancient retiring(a) as having been killed by divine lightning, they avoid touching the bones lest they incur a similar fate. This type of special, even sacred approach to the unknown is paralleled by the Chinese belief in the magical properties of dinosaur (dragon) bones. It is the argument of a less enlightened scientist to denigrate these cultural understandings of the deep past simply because they lack the same framework as Western scientific inquiry. Even within the sterile and precise parameters of paleontology, is there not some deep-seated awe of dinosaurs and the world they occupied? Is this not similar to that of people who relate to it in terms of myth and lore? Yet another larger point t o be gleaned from this comparative study of folklore and paleontology is how certainty can exist in multiple forms. The legend of Thunder Birds is as real to Native Americans as the efforts of geologic dating and excavation are to Western minds. To prioritize one over the other is to overlook the unique and intrinsic value of each as a system of knowledge in itself.The ridiculousness of disregarding non-Western fossil legends is increased all the more when one finds how the Greeks and Romans, the forbears of all Western civilization, also drew upon mythology in their own discoveries of fossils. In another book by Adrienne Mayor, The First Fossil Hunters, she discusses how the Greeks also drew upon the oral culture of Homer and Hesiod. Much like Robert Plots speculations, Greek myths of monsters, giants, and titans were well known and held a place closer to reality than any modern reader of the classics might understand (Mayor). As such, giant bones found around the Mediterranean Se a also came with convenient explanations. Or like the example of dragon myths in China, it is even more likely that their myths themselves came from fossil discoveries. Interestingly enough, the Greeks also were of the opinion that lightning smote the oversized monsters of the past the modern consensus in the scientific community about the actual demise of the dinosaurs by asteroid collision is not very far off from this common myth. Yet again, the distinction between relied-upon science and the myths of world cultures come to remarkably similar conclusions despite accessing different knowledge sources in the process.Coming, at last, back to the question of whether folklore has played a role in paleontology, the answer is yes. This role, however, is marked by a departure from traditional scientific method what folklore adds to science instead comes via social relations, interpretive meanings and subjective experiences. In the case of Marsh, Cope and the Sioux, folklore itself may not have lead the naturalists to their excavation sites, but a respect for the tradition as it was, clearly did play a role. The overriding evidence presented in this paper shows that myths work indirectly, and indeed interdependently with paleontology. The examples of Chinese dragon lore and Western myths of griffins shows that working transposed through paleontology can also explain myths. Incorporating myth and legend into the study of dinosaurs and their fossil remains creates a more interdisciplinary, and therefore deeper, study of dinosaurs and their histories. In the more nuanced paleontological discussions going on today about dinosaur appearance and primitive characteristics, it becomes clear how much scientists own subjectivity was formerly at play in the depiction of dinosaurs. Without evidence of feathers, for instance, scaly reptilian images become the norm, images that might have simply made the most sense to scientists rather than being by trial and error proven. My th functions in much the same way.Robert Plot and Georges Cuvier, by making conclusions using biblical myth as well as Native American folklore, in Cuviers case, are excellent examples of how folklore influenced the early study of dinosaurs. Indeed, the founding fathers of paleontology are still extolled in spite of their now-ridiculous sounding evidence, which shows the racism lurking behind other naturalists work when they discredited on sight the knowledge of indigenous peoples. What I have especially tried to show is how folklore and fossil legends represent unique and equally valuable sources of information. Though their content might not be directly relatable to the study of a particular fossil in a specific period, there is ample evidence to show that having at least a respect for other traditions experiences with fossils can prove beneficial in unseen ways. We should never leave how ridiculous some formerly common beliefs about dinosaurs seem to us now, such as naked and so metimes anthropomorphic renderings made in the recent and distant past. Myth and folklore surround us and inform our thinking in more ways that we are aware of. Acknowledging this and respecting those traditions for what they are can only and our understanding.Works CitedAMNH. Natural History of Dragons. AMNH. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2017. .Asia-Pacific Dinosaur Bones used as Medicine. BBC News. BBC, 06 July 2007. Web. 23 Mar. 2017. .Mayor, Adrienne. The First Fossil Hunters Paleontology in Greek and Roman times. Princeton, NJ Princeton UP, 2000. Print.Mayor, Adrienne. Fossil Legends of the First Americans. Princeton Princeton UP, 2013. Print.Mayor, A., Heaney, M. (1993). Griffins and Arimaspeans. Folklore, 104(1-2), 40-66.Plot, Robert. The Natural History of Oxford-shire. Newport Pagnell Minet, 1677. Print.Senter, Phil. Dinosaurs in Greco-Roman Art? Palaeontologia Electronica. N.p., 2013. Web. 23 Mar. 2017. .Tartaron, T. F. (2014). Cross-Cultural Interaction in the Greek World C ulture match Issues and Theories. In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology (pp. 1804-1821). Springer New York.Zhiming, Dong. Dinosaurian Faunas of China. Chinese Ocean Press, 14 Mar. 2017. Web. 22 Mar. 2017. .

Essay --

Mina Loys feminism in her poetry 1882-1946 Mina Gertrude Lowy, Mina Loy was born in 1882 in London. Her foremost stake was craft, and she studied painting in Munich for two years after leaving school at 17. On her return to London, she continued art classes, Loy moved from squeamish England to impressionist Paris, to futurist Florence, to bohemian Greenwich Village and back to expatriate Paris during her long career. Painter, poet, actress, playwright, feminist, mother, designer, conceptual artist - her array of talent and experience make it challenging to place her exactly in any one elegant group. Literary Modernism was one of the few eras in the history of American literature in which writers and artists openly sought, through their own inventive projects, to produce social and economic commotion. Mina Loy, whose work is now being rediscovered with the recent republication of The Last lunar Baedeker and recent publication of a biography was one of the more radical intellect ual and writers of her time. Minas first published work appeared in 1914 as the result of her parvenu York acquaintances, in Alfred Steiglitzs magazine Camera Work and in Carl Van Vechtens Trend. Aphorisms on Futurism and her poems roused great responsiveness in New York bohemian elite, and when a group of poets, estrange with the editorial policy of Harriet Monroes Poetry magazine--decided to set up a new academic journal, Mina Loy was their rallying point. The new magazine, Others, appeared in 1915, with Mina Loys Love Songs significantly exhibited. The poems were much talked about in New York avant-garde circles. The text used intimate material from her personal life and was blunt to the point of being scandalous. tercet Moments in Paris ... ...depicting them spiritual, ethereal or dominant. What is amazing about Loy and her writings is her persistence on openly enjoining the political with the creative and the creative with the political. Loy understands art as an in fluence spot in which social change and commotion could be performed. It is Loys aim to familiarize her readers with her revolutionary poetics, particularly her theories on the imperious nature of language and to study a historical instant in which artists and literary theorists like Loy still believed peaceful revolution could be achieved through artistic expression. References http//www.poetrypreviews.com/poets/poet-loy2.html http//www.cwru.edu/artsci/engl/VSALM/mod/wolkowski/paper.html http//jacketmagazine.com/05/mina-iv.html http//www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/g_l/loy/bio.htm http//www.ags.uci.edu/clcwegsa/revolutions/Buchanan.htm

mike bloomberg :: essays research papers

Mike Bloomberg is running for city manager of New York City. The elections will be held Nov.6. One of the things he says that he will do if he becomes mayor is that he will have the NYPD retain command and control of school safety officers. He says that, Schools can be used to address the issue of guard-community relations. Students and police should get to know each other in non-adversarial ways through the school system. I agree with him on this issue because many students do non like the NYPD. I think that if they would get to know the officers, they would not feel afraid or threatened by them.On Mr. Bloombergs web site, he says, Guns off the Streets. New York State has some of the strongest gun control laws in the nation. But illegal guns still find their way onto our streets and into the hands of criminals. That is the right woo to gun control. Guns should not find their way into criminals hands. I agree with Mr. Bloomberg on his gun control issues.Mike Bloomberg has very i nteresting views on public transportation. He says To encourage the use of mass transit, I pledge to lead by example. Every day I go to City third house during my administration I will suck public transportation rather than the City-provided official car. That is very unconventional. I think that if people want to take cars to work, they should have the right to. Also, the mayor, a public official is not expected to take mass transit. The subway could be a dangerous place and they mayor of NYC should not be taking the subway to work everyday.The forth issue which I found interesting was that