Chemistry investigation Essay

Aim I am expiration to carry out an investigating metre the estimate of chemical reception between hydrochloric window glass and milligram. The in subordinate variable pass on be the mill of the hydrochloric pane of glass I impart be diluting it with peeing to stir the parsimony. The dependent variable could be hotshot of four things Temperature change, Mass loss, Gas produced exploitation a burette or petrololine produced victimisation a spoil syringe. The dependent variable of the primary experimentation testament be decided once I redeem performed four prelude experiments from each one with the different dependent variables. The conduces of these preliminaries pass on help oneself me determine which factor is the most hi-fi to measure.Background Information As I am planning to investigate the browse of reaction by changing the parsimoniousness of the demigod I should condition into thoughtfulness how the reaction is affected by concentration.If at that place is to a greater extent of a mental object in a system, there is a greater chance that molecules depart collide and accele regularize up the rate of the reaction. If there is slight of nighthing, there will be few collisions and the reaction will probably get a line chances at a slower speed.As you plus the concentration of the acid, there ar more acid mites in the said(prenominal) volume. thitherfore there is a greater chance of acid particles colliding, and reacting, with particles on the out ara of the milligram ribbon. present is an compositors case of how the rate of reaction will increase if the concentration gets higherimage00.pngWith this in heed it is illumine to command that as I decrease the concentrate of the acid by toting body of weewee to it I will be decreasing the rate of reaction. There is a positive correlation between the two variables.The experiment equation that will efficaciously happen isatomic number 12 + HYDROCHLORIC A CID MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE + HYDROGENMg + 2HCl - MgCl2 + H2atomic number 12 atomic number 12 is a light, silvery- light, and f p atomic number 18ntagely tough metal. It tarnishes more or less in air, and delicately divided magnesium readily ignites upon arouseing in air and burns with a dazzling white flame. Because serious fires house occur, great misgiving should be rejoindern in discourse magnesium metal, especi every(prenominal)y in the finely divided state. Water should non be utilise on burning magnesium or on magnesium fires.Hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid is the aqueous solution of atomic number 1 chloride gaseous state (HCl). It is a strong acid, the major component of gastric acid, and of wide industrial use. Hydrochloric acid mustiness be hand lead with divert safety precautions because it is a passing grim liquid.Hydrogen when mixed with oxygen across a wide range of proportions, total heat explodes upon ignition. Hydrogen burns violently in air. It ig nites automaticall(a)y at a temperature of 560. some other characteristic of atomic number 1 fires is that the flames tend to rear rapidly with the gas in air. milligram chloride this is the name for the chemical compounds with the formulas MgCl2 and its sundry(a) hydrates MgCl2 (H2O) x. These salts atomic number 18 typical ionic halides, world highly soluble in water. The hydrated magnesium chloride end be extracted from brine or sea water. Anhydrous magnesium chloride is the wizard precursor to magnesium metal, which is produced on a large scale.Preliminary experimentsMethod In this preliminary experiment I favor non to alter anything but to stick to how the temperature increased within the meter of the reaction. I used 10ml of hydrochloric acid and 3cm of magnesium ribbon. I carried out three repeat measurements to amplification an idea of what the results would look like if compared.military rating of Preliminary MethodsEach of the experiments above has limitation s that powerfully influenced the results. This has given me an idea of what breaker point of true statement each method can be measured to and if they are suitable to perk up information for the primary experiment.Temperature Measuring the temperature is a simple mood of seeing where the rate of reaction begins, peaks and ends. It is a clear index number to how the magnesium reacts and at what temperature. There are, however, some inaccuracies to the formation of the set up. Some of the thermic energy detected by the thermometer is some whiles transferred into the glass of the conical flaskful which led to an inaccurate reading. Furthermore the thermometer is slow to suffice to the rise in temperature and also besides gives reading in all in all verse so slight elevations in heat are difficult to read and so inaccurate.Mass Loss Measuring the aggregate at different points in the experiment provides markers to see how much magnesium and hydrochloric acid has been reacte d. The electric scale I used was too sensitive to get a general reading this affected the results severely. The jalopy would some fourth dimensions increase during the reaction imputable to a small piece of debris getting onto the scale or because a gust or air consequentially the results were askew.Gas Produced victimisation a burette This is a very good way of meter the rate of reaction. The measurements are clear and can be recorded to a decimal place which makes the results very accurate. There are some limitations, however, to using a burette. When the gas is produced it takes time for the hydrogen to hold out along through the tube and up into the burette. This extends the time of the reaction pretty because non all the gas has been collected which the magnesium has been dissolved. Furthermore some amount of hydrogen have escaped the burette and plainly floated to the surface of the water not being accounted for. This is a small inaccuracy but can still alter the resul ts.Gas Produced using a gas syringe This is a very accurate piece of equipment. It does not allow for gas to escape and records the data consistently and with speed. The only limitations in using a gas syringe are that the reading can only be reading in whole numbers racket and that the syringe sometimes collects water desiccation as well. The water vapour, however, can be eliminating by adding an extra conical flask to the tube which collects the vapour as it is slightly storage tank.The gas syringe is the most advance(a) piece of equipment in each of the preliminary methods and also is the most accurate in recording the data. Therefore to calculate the rate of reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid my dependent variable will be the gas produced using a gas syringe.Hypothesis Now that I have determined what I am going to measure and how I can straight off make my prediction over what I think will be the concluding outcome of the experiment.Rate of reactions are all b ased on the collision theory. This states that the more collisions in a system, the more belike combinations of molecules will occur. As a result of this the reaction will accelerate, and the rate of that reaction will increase. The concentration of a substance will raise the number of collisions and then speed up the rate of reaction.On this basis I believe that if the torpedo of the hydrochloric acid is decreased there will be less gas produced and so the rate of reaction will slow. here(predicate) is a diagramimage07.pngWe can see in the figure above that if the molar is halved then there are fewer particles in the water so fewer collisions can happen. The gas produced will because be reduced and the overall time of the reaction will decrease.VariablesVariable controlledHow it is controlled wherefore it is controlledConcentration of MagnesiumBy cadence out a 3cm piece of magnesium each time I take a repeat measurement.I am measuring the concentration of the hydrochloric aci d not the magnesium.Concentration of Hydrochloric acidI will start with 10ml of hydrochloric acid and replace 2ml of it with water every time I motivation to reduce the concentration.I want to retain what effect it will have on the rate of reaction.Water VapourAdding an extra, cooler conical flask to collect the water vapour.I am measuring the gas produced between hydrochloric acid and magnesium water vapour is not a product.TemperatureBy putting the flasks in a thermostatically controlled water bath for 5 transactions before each experiment.I am measuring the concentration and do not want the higher temperature to give the particle more energy to collide.Apparatus500ml conical flasks- To hold the magnesium and hydrochloric acid reaction and to collect the water vapour.Conical flask bung (with hole for tubing) To allow for gas only to travel through the tubing. grouch tubing- To direct the flow of gas.100 ml gas syringes- To measure the gas produced. restitution stand- To hold t he gas syringe.Clamp- This is attached to the pay back stand.50 ml measuring cylinder- To measuring the hydrochloric acid accurately bring out-clock- To measure the time of the reaction10ml of Hydrochloric Acid plus alter amounts of water- To measure the concentration of the acidMagnesium ribbon (3cm per experiment) To react with the acid.Ruler and scissor grip To measure and cut the magnesium ribbon.image08.pngHere is a diagramOther weapon image10.pngimage09.pngimage11.pngimage02.pngimage03.pngObtaining precise and reliable resultsMy experimental concept permits me to take very accurate measurement however, the only fault in its project is that the syringe only measures in whole numbers. This should not pose as a problem because I will take helpings of reading to compensate. I will then find the mean of blue-blooded set of results so that I can compare them accurately in assenting to this I will also take the range of the results which will allow me to remark whether the y overlap.The limitations of my other apparatus are common. Although my stop can measure to a tenth of a second my reaction time will be a lot slower then this. The ruler and scissor hold should also be taken into consideration, measuring and cutting the magnesium could cause some variation. The measuring cylinder also has to be estimated to a rough degree when pour the hydrochloric acid. All of these small inaccuracies can add up to a large geological fault so I need to be very consistent so each result is rounded to the same degree of accuracy.Risk assessment during the practical various measures must be taken to mark off the experiment is carried out safely. These measures are eternally wear safety goggles (at all times) to ensure no chemicals make get together with eyes. Wear laboratory aprons to ensure there are no spillages onto clothing. Use a judicature mat to stop spillages onto bench Avoid contact of acid on pare down it is corrosive. If acid does touch skin it mu st be immediately rinse off. Hydrogen is explosive and so must not be exposed to a naked flame- ensure that Bunsen burners are nowhere near the apparatus during the experiment. underlying Laboratory Rules i.e. do not legislate in labs, No food or drink allowed etc. No concentration of hydrochloric acid greater than 2 molar, anything bigger is dangerous.