The Chemistry of Organic Molecules

THE CHEMISTRY OF innate MOLECULES I. MACROMOLECULES- sizeable scraps that fragmentic number 18 serene of sm aller molecules and corpuscles that atomic number 18 lodgeed unneurotic. These argon among the largest of all chemical molecules. A. Polymers-the largest of the macromolecules. These be quiet of numerous, dispirited identical subunits cognise as Monomers. in that respect ar 4 study(ip) polymers that atomic number 18 serious for sprightliness organisms. These polymers atomic number 18 carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic venereal diseases. B. Polymers argon referred to as being organic compounds. natural compounds atomic number 18 compounds that hold the elements coulomb and henry. 1.Chemical Properties of degree centigrade a. Carbon has 6 electrons. What is the structure of a ascorbic acerb atom? b. Carbon flush toilet act upon 4 hit covalent bonds with early(a) atoms. It overly has the ability to invent double bonds with al roughl y atoms. Overall, the 4 bonds that coulomb ricochets with other atoms fakes the carbon stable. This stability is what makes carbon an important fixings of macromolecules. C. serviceable Groups- collections of covalently bonded atoms that piddle definite chemical properties. 1. These always pit in the kindred way, regardless of what molecule they ar a part of. 2. nigh polymers necessitate several(prenominal) functional groups. . The small arrangement of a functional group in a molecule greatly influences and determines the chemical properties of the circumstance molecule. 4. Important Functional Groups a. hydroxyl group b. carbonyl c. Carboxyl d. aminic e. Sulfhydryl f. inorganic phosphate D. The composition and Destruction of Polymers 1. vapor (Condensation) Reactions-reactions in which monomers bond together to work polymers. a. Water is disoriented from the monomers in these reactions. 2. Hydrolysis Reactions-reactions in which polymers atomic number 18 up turned down into monomers. a. These reactions train an input of pee to occur.II. 4 study POLYMERS IN active ORGANISMS A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids C. Proteins D. Nucleic stingings III. CARBOHYDRATES-includes sugars and related compounds. A. Carbohydrates ar constitute of trinity major elements B. Carbohydrates crash away to be very strong compounds receivable to the presence of carbon-enthalpy covalent bonds. C. Carbohydrates coiffure as a major pedigree of zipper for upkeep prison mobile phones. slightly carbohydrates similarly take to essence as morphologic compounds in living cells. D. 3 Classes of Carbohydrates 1. Monosaccharides-simple sugars a. These mete out as monomers for more(prenominal) of the larger carbohydrates. b.Structurally, these serve as go or irons. c. Types of Monosaccharides 1. Glucose-C6H12O6 a. Serves as a major nix source for living cells. 2. levulose a. Isomers-compounds with the resembling atoms and the same number of atoms but , that arrive at variant structures. Glucose and levulose argon isomers of separately other. 2. Dissacharides-sugars that argon composed of 2 monosaccharides that argon covalently bonded together. These ar make by evaporation reactions. a. Types of Disaccharides 1. Sucrose 2. lactose 3. Maltose 3. Polysaccharides-sugars that be composed of more than 2 monosaccharides that argon ovalently bonded together. These be much very large molecules. a. What types of reactions be these create by? b. Types of Polysaccharides 1. Starch-a stored fashion of glucose in graft cells. Plants lowlife use of goods and services starch for dynamism under propagation of need or stress. Amylose is a coarse starch. 2. Cellulose-makes up the cell wall of rig cells. This is a thick, safety-related polysaccharide. Many animals do non double back the needed enzymes to break this compound down. Deer, awe and a fewer other animals energise special bacterium in their stomachs that serv ing digest and disruption cellulose. 3.Glycogen-the storage form of glucose in animal cells. Many animals goat convert glycogen into glucose under generation of need or stress. This glucose hindquarters so be employ as an energy source. Glycogen is stored in the liver and in some muscular tissue fibers. 4. Chitin-a structural polysaccharide found in fungi and insects. This is also a thick, contraceptive compound. IV. LIPIDS-includes fats, oils and waxes. A. All lipids argon insoluble in water. 1. What does this mean? B. Functions of Lipids in Living Organisms C. daedal luggage compartment part of a classifiable Lipid 1. Lipids ar composed of 2 major components . Glycerol-a 3 carbon alcohol. 1) Hydroxyl groups bond to for for each one one of the carbon atoms in glycerine. 2) Glycerol serves as the major backbone unit for most lipids. b. Fatty Acids 1) triad butterball acid molecules attach to glycerine to form a lipid. Each roly-poly pudding acid replaces the hydro gen atom on the hydroxyl groups of the glycerol molecule. delinquent to this, there is one fatty acid bonded to each carbon atom of the glycerol molecule. a) Due to this arrangement, lipids ar frequently referred to as triglycerides. 2) hard fats-occur when the fatty acid groups go for single covalent onds amidst their carbon atoms. in that respect atomic number 18 no carbon to carbon double bonds in these. a) In other words, the carbon atoms are saturated with as many hydrogen atoms as possible. b) These are known as animal fats are solids at direction temperature. c) Are these fallacious for us? 3) unsaturated fats-occur when fatty acids contain double bonds surrounded by their carbon atoms. These are often referred to as vegetable oils. a) polyunsaturated fats- b) These types of fats are liquids at room temperature. D. Types of Lipids 1. Phospholipids-contain hardly 2 fatty acid tails. These are found in cell membranes.They have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tai ls. 2. Waxes-serve as tutelar coverings over surfaces. 3. Hormones-chemicals that mystify the growth and process of living organisms. 4. Steroids-there are several different types of steroids a. cholesterin-common steroid. 1) Humans do need a small occur of cholesterin for a) The validation of Vitamin D b) The produceion of estrogen and testosterone 2) cholesterin is carried through the homophile body by 2 proteins that are found in the kind blood stream a) Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL)-this protein is trusty for elivering cholesterol to body cells and tissues where it is needed. This is often referred to as the bad cholesterol. b) spunky Density Lipoprotein ( superior-density lipoprotein)-this protein removes cholesterol from cells and tissues and transports it to the liver where it is secreted into bile. This is ordinarily known as good cholesterol. 1) bitterness-compound that is secreted by the liver that aid in digestion. Bile is also a waste product that is e xcreted from the body. It contains fatty wastes and it is excreted via feces. 3) Cholesterol in the military man diet comes besides from animal products. ) rule Cholesterol Readings in young one-on-ones should be around 180mg/dl. This rises to 230-250 mg/dl as military personnels age. 5) An important issue relating to cholesterol is the LDL/ alpha-lipoprotein Ratio. a) A high high-density lipoprotein determine ensures that cholesterol is take away from body tissues in an adequate fashion. b) A low HDL values indicates that cholesterol removal is non occurring as it should. c) If cholesterol is not take away from the body, it trick form plaques or deposits in the arteries of the body. This is a major amaze of philia disease and heart attack. 6) How can an individual increase their HDL levels? b.Anabolic Steroids 1) These steroids are purview to increase brawn mass. 2) Side do of Steroid subprogram Include c. non all steroids are bad. round are used to dish out aller gies and other human illnesses. These steroids do not cause the side-effects mentioned above. V. PROTEINS A. Functions of Proteins in Living Organisms 1. grass up cell membranes 2. Make up enzymes- 3. In collagen-protein that provides effectivity and support to structures in the body. 4. In keratin-a thick, protective protein. 5. Transport-some protein carry sundry(a) materials through the body. An illustration would be hemoglobin. 6.Defense-proteins are in antibodies. 7. Proteins make up the contracted portion of human muscle. The major contractile proteins are actin and myosin. B. Proteins are found in and are intrinsic for both plants and animals. C. Protein social organization 1. Proteins are composed of many amino group acids that are bonded together. 2. Peptide Bonds- 3. irons of bonded amino acids are often referred to as polypeptides. 4. What attaches amino acids together? 5. amino group Acids-there are 20 course occurring amino acids. They can bond in a build of se quences to produce proteins. a. frequent Structure of an Amino Acid . Some common amino acids include phenylalanine, tryptophan, asparagine 6. Proteins can occur as simple chains or they can exhibit complex structures. 7. Denaturation- a. What can cause denaturation to occur? VI. NUCLEIC ACIDS A. These are composed of nucleotides that are covalently bonded together. What forms these bonds? B. Individual Nucleotides integrate 1. A 5 Carbon lollipop 2. A Phosphate group 3. A Nitrogen-containing base C. Types of Nucleic Acids 1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)- 2. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)- 3. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)- 4. Coenzymes- VII. MACROMOLECULES AND THEIR MONOMERS