Data communications system Essay

1.Message.2.Sender3.Receiver.4.Transmission medium.5.Protocol.Q1-11) Why are protocols needed?To achieve end-to-end deliverance of data.Q-17) Explain the difference between an Internet draft and a proposed normal? An Internet draft is a working document (a work inprogress) with no official status and a six- month lifetime. A proposed standard is raised(a) to draft standard status after atleast two successful autarkic and interoperable implementations. Q2-5) A host communicates with another host using the transmission control protocol/IP protocol suite. What is the unit of data sent or put oned at each of the following layers? a. industry layerMessage b. lucre layerDatagram c. data-link layerFrameQ2-12) When we say that the transport layer manifoldes and demultiplexes application layer messages, do we mean that a transport-layer protocol provoke mix several messages from the application layer in one software package? Explain. The transmission control protocol/IP protocol suite uses several protocols at roughly layers, we tush say that we have multiplexing at the source and demultiplexing at the destination. Multiplexing in this exemplar means that a protocol at a layer can encapsulate a packet from several next-higher layer protocols (one at a time) demultiplexing means that a protocol can decapsulate and deliver a packet to several next-higher layer protocols (one at a time). To be able to multiplex and demultiplex, a protocol needs to have a field in its header to identify to which protocol the encapsulated packets belong. At the transport layer, either UDP or transmission control protocol can accept a message from several application-layerprotocols. At the network layer, IP can accept a segment from TCP or a user datagram from UDP. IP can also accept a packet from other protocols such as ICMP, IGMP, and so on. At the data-link layer, a frame may carry the payload coming from IP or other protocols such as ARP.P1-4) For each of the following in travenous feeding networks, discuss the consequences if aconnection fails. a. Five devices set in a mesh topology. It Will not failed b. Five devices arranged in a star topology (not counting the hub). It Will not failed c. Five devices arranged in a bus topology. It will failedd. Five devices arranged in a ring topology. It will failed P2-11) Protocol layering can be ensnare in many aspects of our lives such as air travelling. Imagine you sour a round- touch off to spend some time on vacation at a resort. You need to go through some processes at your urban center airport before flying.You also need to go through some processes when you arrive at the resort airport. Show the protocol layering for the round trip using some layers such as baggage checking/claiming, boarding/unboarding, antic/landing.1-Print your boarding pass and check your luggage.2-Head to security.3-Find your gate/terminal.4- Hang out and ask for your plane.5-Wait for the announcement to board.6-Get your boar ding pass checked.7-Enter the aircraft.8-Stow your carry-on items.9- Get settled in.