The Mozart Effect: Concept Overview and Analysis

The Mozart force Concept Overview and AnalysisThe Mozart EffectBeth Boardley defraudThe Mozart Effect is said to occur when individuals listen to the twain piano sonata. It is hypothesized that by comprehend to this ensemble that individuals will return information more easily. ii studies were deportmented relating to the Mozart Effect. The scratch instruct consociates to spacial skill performance and how we use the homogeneous neural pathways to process this as we do medical specialty, the reciprocal ohm psychoanalyse was conducted to gainsay the archetypical get a line. The second ingests argument was that any unison that is appreciated tolerate cause the very(prenominal) memory instal. In the second information they conducted one experiment in which they undetermined unborn mice to Mozarts piano sonata K448 and then as well conducted a study to see how Mozarts piano sonata K448 affected patients who suffered from epilepsy. The conclusions were that Mozart s piano sonata K448 did start a positivist effect on both animals and humans. In this paper we will question the parts of the first study including the hypothesis, versatiles, exhibit, and explanations the interrogationers use. We will also examine the deserve and generaliz force of the second study.Music and Spatial delegate PerformanceBy conducting research and doing experiments we can gain reli satis calculatey answers to the millions of questions we have. There ar many disparate types of research that can be conducted. Researchers choose the type of research and experiments to conduct found on the hypothesis, and the resources available to them. This purpose to this paper is to examine the study of the Mozart effect in coincidence to two obliges, Music and Spatial Task Performance written by Rauscher, Shaw Ky in 1993, and The Mozart Effect written by Jenkins in 2011, and to answer specific questions based on their research.Fundamentally the Mozart Effect is a stud y that examines whether or not practice of medicine helps individuals complete tasks better. The first article in question is Music and Spatial Task Performance. This article was written by Rauscher, Shaw Ky in 1993. They strove to prove that at that place was a causal relationship between cognition and cognitions pertaining to abstract operations much(prenominal) as mathematical or spatial reasoning (Rauscher et al., 1993). They hypothesized that scans of the brain and its neural pathways would video display that the in interpret and processing of melody and our spatial energy would use the said(prenominal) pathways. They also hypothesized that theses paths cover large portions of the same areas of the brain.To better understand these articles it is valuable to understand what spatial task performance is. Spatial cogency is the skill to understand and remember the spatial relations among objects (Jhu.edu, n.d.). In different haggle it is the cleverness to visualize in ones mind. This ability is not static as it develops throughout ones life. In relation to application, spatial ability is related to a persons ability to perform at a minimum of two tasks at the same time. An example of a spatial skill would be walking and trickle a ball. Many occupations require prominent spatial ability such(prenominal) as mathematics, meteorology, natural sciences, engineering, and architecture, among many others.Many of these jobs require research. Conducting research also requires spatial ability. There are many components to conducting research. Two of the roughly fundamental components are the independent and dependent variables. An independent variable is a variable that stands alone and has no changes made to it. The independent variables in this study are Mozarts sonata, the college students, and the leash-year-olds (Rauscher et al., 1993). A dependent variable is a variable that depends on other factors and changes. In the Rauscher et al., study the dependent variable was the memory.Another component of a research study is the controlled variables. A controlled variable is a variable in which the researcher wants to remain constant. The controlled variables in the Rauscher et al., 1993 study consist of Mozarts sonata, the college students, and the three-year-olds. The music was a necessary controlled variable because the study was music based. The time ranges of the participants was essential to control because they wanted to find out how memory was affected in children and in adults. They wanted to see who would remember the information the longest.Rauscher et al., 2013, presented data from two studies. They proved that the college students had better short term memory as a result of listen to Mozarts sonata. They also showed that the three year olds had advancements, specially in nonverbal cognitive ability, as a result of auditory modality to Mozarts sonata too. The evidence from this study was empirical and valid. The researchers explained that infants have the maximum ability relating to developing nonverbal cognitive skills as well as memorization. It has been shown that as we increase in age we lose memory recall and effectuation skills with the decrease in brain elasticity. This also makes it harder for adults to retain new information. The evidence presented in the article justified their explanation and proved that music and spatial ability travels among the same pathways in the brain.The Mozart EffectIn 2001 another researcher Jenkins analyzed the work and studies conducted by Rauscher et al., 1993 in relation to the Mozart effect. Jenkins used the impression of enjoyment arousal as an explanation to the Mozart effect. Jenkins believed two specific factors that affected the study was the type of music being played and the participants particular taste for the music. For instance if the participants were to have been of a younger age such as a teenager then they would most believably re spond with more positive results to music from their generation such as Taylor Swift or Carrie Underwood.In order to test the challenge hypothesis Jenkins conducted a study Jenkins conducted animal experiments. They used rats in utero and exposed them to music for 60 days. The rats were split into groups where each group were exposed to different music. The ensembles in which the rats were exposed to were Mozarts piano sonata K448, to minimalist music by the composer Philip Glass, to discolour mental disturbance or to silence (Jenkins, 2011). After the rats were born and the exposure period was finish they were tested using a maze navigation course.The results from the study were surprising. The study from the maze navigation showed that the rats who were exposed to Mozarts sonata were the quickest and also the most accurate at completing the maze (Jenkins, 2011). This information is significant because it showed that Mozarts sonata and the Mozart effect does exist, that it is pr ovable, and that it has an effect on memory. An additional study conducted did not relate to spatial skills or maze navigation. This study involved persons suffering from epilepsy. For this study they used 29 patients with focal discharges or bursts of generalized spike and beckon complexes (Jenkins, 2001).While perceive to Mozarts piano sonata K448 patients pneumoencephalogram results had a visible simplification in epileptic activity. They study showed for or so patients there was great improvements. For example in one male, unconscious with side epilepticus, ictal patterns were present 62% of the time, whereas during exposure to Mozarts music this take account fell to 21% (Jenkins, 2001). According to another study, The long-term effect of listening to Mozart K.448 decreases epileptic form discharges in children with epilepsy, the Mozart K448 also had effectiveness in lessen epilepsy and the frequency of epileptic incidents in children (Lin et al., 2011).This study holds merit for several reasons. ane reason is that it proves that the Mozart effect does exist. Secondly it provides evidence that the Mozart effect is not based only on music appreciation per the unborn rats performance in the maze. It also showed that this effect is not limited to spatial ability or memory as it was also proven to have profound effects in epileptic patients.This study did not take into account individual spatial ability. For instance all the rats were apparently able to complete the maze. The researchers gave no warning that any rats were impaired leading us to assume all of the rats were healthy. The only difference encountered was the music in which the rats were exposed to, or lack thereof. The study performed with the patients suffering from epilepsy did not pertain to their spatial abilities it focused on the decrease of epileptic episodes..In order to make this study more generalizable all they would need to try and test the spatial ability of many different typ es of rats. There should be normal functioning rats, mentally deficient rats, deformed rats, and rats that suffer blindness and deafness issues. Added in there could be rats that suffer from malnutrition as well as obesity. With keeping the easement of the study the same a more wide-ranging inference can be made in relation to Mozarts sonata and the effects it has on the rats performance in the maze navigation.In regards to the studies with the epileptic patients other types of music should be used rather than just Mozarts sonata. Other classical selections could be used such as selections from Bach, Chopin, or other Mozart selections. This could be helpful in order to see if the epileptic episodes are decreased with the various selections or if it is just that particular Mozart sonata.The study could break the music down farther by examining the type of instrumentality within the selection. In the studies it was stated that the Mozart sonata was a piano piece. With this we may d educt that selections using the piano may have an effect on epileptic episodes. A generalization from this is that soothing piano music with no quarrel could have a positive effect on the epileptic episode reductions. Another possibility, just as with the rats, the type of epileptic could be factor such as the severity of the epilepsy in the patient.ConclusionThe conclusion of these studies is that the Mozart effect does in fact exist, that it is provable, and that there are positive results in the participants. The first study conducted pertained to spatial skills in college students as well as three year olds. This study proved that younger individuals have the ability to remember information more easily as a result of listening to Mozarts sonata. The college students showed that information was retained only short-term.Also proven was that the stirring and processing of music and spatial abilities use the same neural pathways in the brain. It was later argued that any type of m usic can make mickle remember more as long as they appreciate they music being played. This however was disproved through the experiment that was conducted using the rats. They study showed that the rats that listened to Mozarts piece performed better and more accurately in the maze vs. rats that listened to Philip Glass, white noise, or nothing at all. Also interesting was the discovery that listening to Mozarts piano sonata K448 was proven to reduce epileptic episodes.The Mozart effect unimpeachably warrants further study. There needs to be different types of rats to determine if disabilities such as blindness or injury has an effect on their ability to navigate the maze. More studies with epileptic patients could be conducted as well in order to test different types of musics relation to the reduction of episodes if any, as well as more studies on individuals and children.ReferencesJenkins, J.S. (2001). The Mozart effect. Journal of the gallant Society of Medicine, 94, 170-172 . Retrieved January 21, 2015, from http//web.b.ebscohost.com.libproxy.edmc.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/emailprotectedvid=1hid=116Jhu.edu. (n.d.). What is spatial ability? Retrieved January 21, 2015, fromLin, L., Lee, W., Wu, H., Tsai, C., Wei, R., Mok, H., Weng, C., Lee, M., Yang, R., (2011). The long-term effect of listening to Mozart K.448 decreases epileptic form discharges in children with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behavior, 21(4), 420-424. Retrieved January 21, 2015, from http//www.sciencedirect.com.libproxy.edmc.eduRauscher, F. H., Shaw, G. L., Ky, K. N. (1993). Music and spatial task performance. Nature, 365. 6447 611. (October 14, 1993). (ProQuest Document ID 76004658). Retrieved January 21, 2015, from http//files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED390733.pd