Jails Old And New Sociology Essay

clinks Old And New Sociology EssayWith the advent of civilization and forever improving societies, man has found the indispensableness for several constants. The leases for shelter, intellectual nourishment and protective cover suck in been just a few of these constantsas has the need for incarceration of whatsoever of those members of society that own chosen non to attach to the rules that a particular society has deemed as necessary. For those members, dawdles and prison houses were strengthened to hold pack before or after a conviction, it is not meant to be a permanent stop for those convicted, just a regulariseholder.The eldest put to sleep strengthened was believed to be in 1166, ordered by King Henry II of England, from there jails spread throughout Europe only changed in reaching and size all everyplace time. (Schmalleger Smykla, 2011) stoolhouses and poorhouses were developed in the 15th and 16th centuries in England where sheriffs took the role of sup ervising vagrants, the poor and the mentally ill. (Schmalleger Smykla, 2011) These so-called jails were not hygienise and had unhealthy conditions for the prisoners. This caught the attention of 18th century tender reformers. One such reformer was English sheriff John Howard. In 1779, Englands Parliament passed the four jail reforms that Howard proposed right and sanitary structures, jail inspections, elimination of fees, and an emphasis on reforming prisoners. (Schmalleger Smykla, 2011)The first jail in the get together States was the Walnut Street Jail in Philadelphia, built in 1773 it housed offenders without regard to sex, age, or offense. The Philadelphia Quakers had requiremented the Walnut Street Jail to be a place where bunco games reformed themselves through reflection and remorse, but shortly after its opening, it turned into a promiscuous scene of unexclusive intercourse, universal riot and debauchery. (Schmalleger Smykla, 2011) On October 5, 1835, the Walnut S treet Jail disagreeable and those prisoners were transported to another facility. By the close of the 19th century, most cities across the United States had jails to hold persons awaiting trial and to punish convicted felons. (Schmalleger Smykla, 2011) So, what has changed in the jail population and structures since they were first built? Back in the day, prisoners were treated inhumane, beaten, flogged, and steady hung for their crimes. In todays jail society, those shells of give-and-take be nothing but a moment in history. There are laws governing the treatment of prisoners and prisoners now maintain rights on how they are treated. The 8th Amendment, ratified in 1791, protects persons convicted of a crime to not have excessive bail or fines imposed, nor to have cruel and unique penalty inflicted. (Head) I tend to clean disagree with this due to some persons crimes are so hideous that they deserve fines and/or cruel and unusual punishment, I mean look what some of tho se criminals do to their victims I think back they deserve the same treatment as they gave those victims, but that is just my personalized opinion.The endeavor and structure of the jails have likewise changed. Jails have changed throughout history, and have been through four phases of design, First-Generation, Second-Generation, Third-Generation and Fourth-Generation.First-Generation jails were designed back in the 18th century, and were called running(a) design. In this design, prisoners lived in cells or dormitories. The cells lined up in the corridors and the inmate supervision was minimal. Staff would walking the corridors and would not be able to command into the cell until they were right up on it. The psyche of this type of design was to keep prevent inmates from laborious to escape and to keep the rung safe. I would describe this type of jail setting as isolated. The d featurefall to this type of setting is no type of social contact with anyone unless a crowd brok e. This was not a solution to what needed to be done in order for the prisoners to reform. These types of jails were more like solitary confinement, which over time would literally drive a person insane.The Second-Generation jails emerged in the 1960s to replace old, plus linear jails and provide staff officers to observe inmates in a exchange zone or repair known as a discipline booth, of the jail. The conception of the second- extension jails was for staff to be centralized in one area, which was cover in glass for security, to overlook the pods. These jails have been termed podular remote-supervision facilities. (Schmalleger Smykla, 2011) This type of jail has its difficulties. The usefulness for this type of jail is that the staff can have more of the inmates without having to walk down a corridor. The disadvantage for this type of jail is that the staff and inmates are withal separated and with no social contact, much like the first-generation jails.The Third-Generatio n jails, which are overly known as direct-supervision jails, were introduced in the early 1970s. The housing building block is podular. The cells are arranged around a common area or dayroom. There is not control booth and no physical barriers amid the staff and the inmates. (Schmalleger Smykla, 2011) The first direct-supervision county jail in the United States was the Martinez Detention deftness in Contra Cost, California. (Schmalleger Smykla, 2011) With the direct-supervision jails contract the principles of Direct Supervision 1. Effective control, 2. Effective supervision, 3. fitted staff, 4. Staff and inmate safety, 5. Manageable and cost-effective operations, 6. Effective communication, 7. Classification and orientation, 8. arbiter and fairness, and 9. Ownership of operations. (Schmalleger Smykla, 2011) Direct-supervision jails facilitate staff movement, interaction with inmates, and control and leadership over pods. (Schmalleger Smykla, 2011) With direct-supervisio n, staff and inmates intermingle and this is a positive movement towards the reformation of the inmates and their social skills. You cannot just put someone back into society if he/she has had no contact with other people over a certain nub of time. When you are alone, after a while you get use to the idea of being alone and you get set in your ways and drag in a certain way of doing things. Take my brother for example, no he was not in jail, but he had been living on his own after his divorce for about 10 years and when he lately remarried, it was difficult for him to adapt to brisk lifestyle that involved another person. He had to adjust his ways that he had been accustomed to and to accept new ideas and new rules for the house. This was very difficult for him and it goes along the same line for inmates. People need social interaction and with the third-generation jails they received it.The Fourth-Generation jails brought improvements to the direct-supervision jails by adding b orrowed light or graphic sunlight into the day room. This improves the moral of the inmates and staff and saves on electricity bills when it is gay outside. Along with the borrowed light concept, the fourth-generation jails also implemented program services, more staff, volunteers, and visitors to the jail, even vending machines to the day room. This reduces the feeling of isolation. This improvement adds to the staff the ability to anticipate out the nine principles of direct-supervision. (Schmalleger Smykla, 2011)Along with these new generation jails requires new interpersonal skills. Officers and staff must have excellent interpersonal skills. They must be able to address minor and major conflicts within the pods, even though in the new generation jails, especially the fourth-generation jails, conflicts are at a minimal rate due to the improved conditions and the attitudes of both the inmates and the staff. Reports have shown that the staff no longer saw themselves as mere gu ards or delineate their jobs as simply to keep criminals locked up. Among the positive impacts, the officers and staff tend to see the jails as cleaner, less crowded, having fresher air, and being more temperate. However, these same researches also showed, even with the improvements, that the staff was no more satisfied than with the new generation jails than the conventional jails. (Appegate Paoline, 2007) I can see how the cleaner jails could be a positive effect on the staff and inmates. Take for example, you are invited over to a friends house and it is totally in chaos and messy. The friend cleverness be well-heeled in that type of environment, but you are not so comfortable. If the environment were cleaner and more nonionised, you would be more comfortable and able to relax and enjoy that visit. Same thing with jails, the cleaner and organized it is, the more positive the attitudes of the staff and inmates. They pass on be more flat to communicate and follow the rules than in a run-down, unstructured type of jail. another(prenominal) point of view would be that if an inmate can see that the place he/she is housed and it is not being take care of properly, what makes them think that anyone cares to fall upon ways of improving it, that the facility is complacent with the conditions? Not that I would want to experience jail life, I would prefer it to be clean, healthy and somewhat a positive environment.With the improvements of the third and fourth generation jails brought, it also brought argument and disadvantages. Results from studies show that few jails are strictly adhering to the new design techniques that have been recommended for the successful operations of these new generation jails. (Tartaro, 2002) Overcrowding is a popular occupation in todays jails and even thought the crime rate is down, there is still overcrowding. Another problem the new generation jails have is the age of the offenders has increase and having the necessary accommo dations for these elder prisoners. In the traditional jails, there were no medical treatments available, in todays jails, most jails offer medical treatment, but only on the same level as lower income families. Studies have also shown that inmates with disabilities are a growing problem in that they were discriminated against and most jails do not have the representation to house inmates with disabilities, and I mentioned earlier, the 8th amendment protects this group of prisoners in todays society. (Ginsberg, 2009)In closing, the research I have done I have learned that the differences in the old jails and the new jails are similar in some ways and totally opposite in other ways. I believe that in the old jails and the way they were imprisoned were more liable(predicate) not to double their offenses, and in the new jails, offenders are likely to seize their offenses. In the old jails, inmates were brought into the public eye and were embarrassed by their actions. The old, tradi tional jails were not focused on reforming the prisoners they were more focused on punishment to these criminals. In todays jails, we are more focused on reformation of the prisoners and trying to help them merge back into the society from what they once came from, but as I have learned in class, some inmate repeat their offenses because the jail life is better life than what they had. They may have come from broken homes, life of poverty and the jails give them a place of security and more of a home life than what they had. As sad as this is, it is true and with the economy the way it is, this would seem like a better life. New generation emerged due to society to stand against the inhumane treatment that convicts were submitted to and to require the transformation of detainment places from excusive instruments of punishment into establishments of moral recuperation (Merei, 2012) Merei also stated that in the nineteenth century, it was developed the concept according to which jail s could become, from the means of expiation of the evil committed, social sanctums for healing the soul of the one in conflict with the laws of society . In Mereis report, she mentioned that a man named Panait Mucoiu made a categorical statement, which sums it all up. Mucoiu stated, As long as you take the mens freedom, you will definitely not transform him into a better person. You will reap relapse. By incarcerating him and by giving him, every moment, the conviction that everything that happens in detention is a punishment, the society proceeds with all its resources to make him an enemy. (Merei, 2012)Appegate, B. K., Paoline, E. A. (2007, June). Jail Officers Perceptions of the Work Environment In Traditional Versus New Generation Facilities. Retrieved November 21, 2012, from ProQuest Criminal evaluator httpsearch.proquest.com.ezproxy.lib.uwf.edu/criminaljusticeperiodGinsberg, B. (2009, June). Out with the new, in with the old the importance of section 504 of the Rehabiliatio n Act to prisoners with disabilites. p. 713.Head, T. (n.d.). Retrieved declination 1, 2012, from About.com Civil Liberties http//civilliberty.about.com/od/lawenforcementterrorism/p/8th_amendment.htmMerei, L. E. (2012, January). The affirmation of the renewing current of prison reform in the 19th century Romanian thinking. p. 313.Schmalleger, F., Smykla, J. (2011). Corrections in the 21st Century. New York McGraw-Hill.Tartaro, C. (2002, September ). Examining Implementation Issues with New Generation Jails. Retrieved November 21, 2012, from sharp Journals http//cjp.sagepub.com.ezproxy.lib.uwf.edu/content/13/3/219