An Analysis of the First Paragraph of O’Connor’s The Artificial Nigger

An Analysis of the First Paragraph of OConnors The schmaltzy Nigger ?In The Artificial Nigger, Flannery OConnor commingles characteristic Christian imagery with themes evocative of her Southern setting. In this essay, a close reading of the first paragraph of this tier elucidates the subtle ways in which OConnor sets up these basic themes of redemption and forgiveness. An additional paragraph will examine the ramifications of this reading on the intertwined racial aspects of the story, which are connected by a common theme of master/servant imagery, which is integral to the first paragraph. In this story, the key character is named Mr. Head, which immediately signals to the reader that this character is suggestive of reasonableness and perhaps especially pride (as in the expression having a big head). This is appropriate given that Mr. Heads change by dint ofout the story will emphatically revolve around his spiritual and Christian-oriented awareness of the plight of man a nd the problem of pridefulness. Mr. Head awakens (indeed, the whole story regards his awakening) in the night to a room full of moonlight. From the very beginning, elements of light and dark are vying in the storys background, and in this case, it is a light that shines through the darkness. OConnor, through the uses of dashes, alerts the reader to the moonlight being the color of silver, the first of many silver/gray references throughout the story. It is hard not to equate this references to the thirty pieces of silver that Judas stock for betraying Jesus. Such a reference is consistent with the storys themes of betrayal and forgiveness (even though Mr. Heads denial of his grandson Nelson is perhaps more reminiscent of Pete... ...nship between blacks and whites exist without such interchangeability. Such a reading suggests that African Americans are often the vehicle through which Southerners experience powerful lessons of hatred (as in Nelsons first experience with the black ma n on the train), pride (when Nelson witnesses his grandfathers witty rejoinder to the stuffy black waiter), sexuality (Nelsons run-in with the black temptress in the Atlanta ghetto), and even redemption (as they witness the statue in the storys penultimate moment). No matter that Nelson has wholly recently learned what a nigger is, never mind that the statue itself is plaster and one eye is entirely white the overturning of the master/servant relationship is barely possible when firmly on the white side of the segregated line this reality ensures that all the niggers in this story remainartificial.

The Distance that Separates us from Shakespeares Merchant of Venice Es

The Distance that Separates us from Shakespeares Merchant of Venice Without a doubt, Shylock of Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice has been a subject of much controversy and debate for scholars and critics worldwide. Specifi blackguardy, an element of his character that has been good reviewed is the harshness with which he proposes his bond with Antonio. As contemporary readers of the pound of flesh story we are naturally mortified by the fact that Shylock would call for such barbarous terms. What many of us do not realize is that while we might feel horror about the idea of the bond, the same is not necessarily true for an Elizabethan audience. This story has been a major source of misunderstanding for many of its readers, as it is often interpreted as a put down reflection of the nature of the Jew. However, a more careful look at this story, where it whitethorn have originated, and what it may have meant to a 16th century audience, may cause us to revaluate this very signifi burnt element of the play. The tracing of the possible sources of the story and the examining of the history of usury as well as its position in Elizabethan society may actually serve as testimony on behalf of Shylock and his Jewish identity. A careful look at the text editionIn order to begin a comprehensive analysis of the pound of flesh story, it is important to first compare our reactions with those of the other characters in the play. Examining how Shakespeare has his characters respond can tell us a lot about how his audience most likely would have reacted to the same thing. If Shakespeares purpose for the bond was indeed to demonstrate the Jew as vulgar and shockingly inhuman, then he would not have had his characters respond so calml... ...n our ages, the differences must be insisted upon. He eloquently acknowledges the distance that separates us from Shakespeare and asserts that is, When we disregard that distance, that the static of our desire to claim his as our contemporary disrupts his voice, and we listen less to his concerns than to his anticipations of our own. Works CitedCharlton, Henry. Shakespeares Jew. Manchester The Manchester University Press, 1970.Friedlander, Gerald. Shakespeare and the Jew. London George Routledge & Sons LTD., 1921., Grebanier, Bernard. The Truth About Shylock. New York haphazard House, 1962.Greenblatt, Stephen Cohen, Walter Howard, Jean Maus, Katharine. The Norton Shakespeare . New York, London W.W. Norton & Company, 1997. Watson, Alan. The Law of the Ancient Romans. Dallas Southern Methodist University Press, 1970.

systems analysis :: essays research papers

Overview.The process is designed to handle the interaction with customers and suppliers, and also deals with stock control. throwaway and payment information is recorded.For clarity I have noted down the followingHead Office consists of- intersection pointion ManagementFinanceSales A topical anesthetic first consists of-A Local OfficeWarehouseDistributionPreliminary mention of Entities.In my top-down analysis of the Metropolitan Pharmaceuticals scenario, I have first attempt to produce a preliminary list of candidate entities. These are as follows customer node evidenceCustomer InvoiceSales-Occurs only once so isnt includeProductProduct set upSupplierSupplier InvoiceFinance-Occurs only once so isnt includedLocal BranchLocal Office-Is part of Local Branch so isnt includedDistribution-Is part of Local Branch so isnt includedWarehouse-Is part of Local Branch so isnt included extendThe following page shows my list of probable entitiesList of Probable Entities.CustomerCustomer OrderCustomer InvoiceProductProduct OrderSupplierSupplier InvoiceLocal BranchStockDescriptions and expected essential attributes for the above entitiesSince the system analysis is focused on dealing with customers, suppliers and handling convergences, I have included all entities which I believe participate in these activities.CustomerDescriptionRetail chemist shops or pharmacies associated with shops, hospitals or medical practices. All require a supply of products from the Metropolitan Pharmaceuticals system.AttributesCustomer ID-Identifying attributeName solicitTelephone NumberFax Numbere-mailContact NameDelivery AddressCredit RatingCustomer OrderDescriptionAn order placed by the Customer requesting the delivery of product.AttributesOrder Number-Identifying attributeCustomer IDProduct IDQuantityCustomer InvoiceDescriptionAn invoice sent to the Customer from the Finance department, requesting payment for the delivered goods.AttributesInvoice Number-Identifying attributeOrder IDD ateAmount to be paidProductDescriptionAn item that is supplied by the Metropolitan Pharmaceuticals system.AttributesProduct ID-Identifying attributeNameDescriptionCategory-(A,B,C or D)Stock Item-(Yes or No)Product OrderDescriptionAn order that is sent to either the Supplier (if it is a non-stock item) or a Local Branch (if it is a stocked item), requesting the delivery of a product to a customer.AttributesOrder Number- Identifying attributeDateProductCustomer IDQuantitySupplierDescriptionA company that is able to supply a range of products to Metropolitan Pharmaceuticals. Metropolitan Pharmaceuticals does not manufacture any of its products, but instead, uses suppliers who either produce or procure the products.AttributesSupplier ID-Identifying attributeNameAddressTelephone NumberFax Numbere-mailSupplier InvoiceDescriptionAn invoice that is sent by the supplier to Metropolitan Pharmaceuticals requesting payment for the product it has provided.AttributesInvoice Number-Identifying att ributeDateAmount to be paidLocal BranchDescriptionA local outlet that contains a Local Office, a Warehouse and a Distribution Center.AttributesBranch ID-Identifying attributeNameAddressTelephone NumberStockDescriptionA full size up of products that are held in stock at the local branch.AttributesStock ID-Identifying attributeProduct IDLocation-eg. Shelf numberQuantityRe-Order levelEntity Links or Dependencies.Now to identify which pairs of entities have an association between themselves.Customer is related to Customer OrderJustificationCustomer places Customer OrderCustomer Order is placed by Customer

vietnam war :: essays research papers

Choices Tim OBrien was drafted to the Vietnam War. He didnt want to go to the contend. So he went to the northern woods in the northern Minnesota. He had to make a choice whether to go to the war or not to go to the war. After spending six days with guy Elroy he decides to go. Tim OBrien went to the war for the legal injury reasons. He didnt even think that there should be a war. He saw no reason at all why they should be fomenting. He says I was drafted to a war I hated... I was politically naive, but even so the American war in Vietnam seemed to me wrong. Certain melody drop for uncertain reason. He hated this war and had so many questions about it. he says It was my view then, and still is that you dont make a war without knowing why. he didnt believe in it and didnt know why we were fighting so why should he go to a war. He didnt want to go to war. He wasnt made for war. He even says , I was no solider. I hated dirt and tents and mosquitoes. The sight of blood made me queas y....... Now come on he didnt even like anything to do with outdoors what devout would he even do for our country. He minds well stay home and go to school. He was too young and had too much to lose. He even got a scholarship to a good school. ... I had the world dicked - Phi Beta Kappa and Summa Cum Laude and president of the student body and a full ride scholarship for grad studies at Harvard. It must consume been a mistake cause I was too young. a month after graduating from Macalester college. I was drafted to fight a war I hated. I was vingt-et-un years old, young, yes. Way too young to go to war. He was too embarrassed not to go. He was afraid to be laughed out of town. ... and it was easy to theorise people sitting around a table down at the old Gobbler Cafe on Mainstreet, coffee cups poised, the conversation slowly zeroing in on the young OBrien kid, how the damned sissy had taken off for Cananda. Now think about those reasons arent very good for going to fight for our country.

Public Health and Nineteenth-Century Literature Essay -- European Euro

Public Health and Nineteenth-Century LiteratureTo envy nought beneath the ample sky to mourn no evil deed, no hour misspent and, care a living violet, silently return in sweets to heaven what goodness lent, then bend beneath the chastening shower content. -Elliot The lodge ins and problems of the people living in nineteenth century England differed dramatically from those that eventually challenged those living in the same place during the 20th century. During the nineteenth century the English were plagued with many epidemics, but lacked the knowledge and capability to successfully treat and eliminate these diseases. capital of the United Kingdom, like other British cities, had appalling sanitary conditions. These conditions were responsible for a rash of epidemics which so heightened public concern ab let out the citys poor health conditions that in 1848 a general Board of Health was established. Among the Boards members was Edwin Chadwick. In that same year, John Simon, a Londo n surgeon, was appointed Londons checkup Officer of Health. Chadwick and Simon dominated Londons public health movement from the 1840s - 1870s. Indeed, these two gentlemen were behind the 1875 Public Health Act which consolidated and expanded previous legislation on housing and sanitation, noxious trades and factory conditions. During this same time period, John Snow documented the importance of clean water to public health. Despite these efforts, however, cities like London continued to have higher mortality rates than rural areas until late Victorian times. Initially, physicians at this time were not equipped to handle the serious epidemics that were arising out of the poor health conditions of the time. They argued over the epidemics origins, the appropri... ...olera found? In overcrowded filthy conditions, water supplies, unwholesome food etc. He was only one of the many authors telltale(a) the stories of his time. References Dickens, Charles, Dombey and Son. First published in 1848, Reprinted in Penguin Classics in 1985. Gaskell, Elizabeth, Mary Barton. First published in 1848. Reprinted in Penguin Classics in 1985. Pelling, Margaret, Cholera, Fever, and English medical specialty 1825-1865. Oxford University Press, 1978. Russell, WMS, Biology and adult male Affairs A British Social Hygiene Council Publication. Biology and Literature in Britain, 1500-1900. . . Pages 50-72. Smith, F.B., The Peoples Health 1830-1910. Published by Holmes and Meier, 1979, New York, New York. USA. Williams, Guy, The Age of Miracles, Medicine and Surgery in the Nineteenth Century. Academy Chicago Publishers, Chicago, Ill., 1987.

Public Health and Nineteenth-Century Literature Essay -- European Euro

Public Health and Nineteenth-Century LiteratureTo envy nought beneath the ample sky to mourn no evil deed, no hour misspent and, like a living violet, silently return in sweets to heaven what goodness lent, then bend beneath the chastening shower content. -Elliot The concerns and problems of the sight living in nineteenth century England differed dramatically from those that eventually challenged those living in the same place during the 20th century. During the nineteenth century the English were plagued with many another(prenominal) epidemics, but lacked the knowledge and capability to successfully treat and eliminate these diseases. capital of the United Kingdom, like other British cities, had appalling sanitary conditions. These conditions were responsible for a rash of epidemics which so heightened public concern about the citys poor health conditions that in 1848 a general Board of Health was established. Among the Boards members was Edwin Chadwick. In that same year, John Si mon, a London surgeon, was appointed Londons Medical Officer of Health. Chadwick and Simon dominated Londons public health movement from the 1840s - 1870s. Indeed, these two gentlemen were behind the 1875 Public Health Act which consolidated and expanded preceding(prenominal) legislation on housing and sanitation, noxious trades and factory conditions. During this same time period, John Snow documented the importance of clean water to public health. despite these efforts, however, cities like London continued to have higher mortality rates than rural areas until late Victorian times. Initially, physicians at this time were not equipped to extend the serious epidemics that were arising out of the poor health conditions of the time. They argued over the epidemics origins, the appropri... ...olera found? In overcrowded filthy conditions, water supplies, unwholesome food etc. He was only oneness of the many authors telling the stories of his time. References Dickens, Charles, Dombe y and Son. First published in 1848, Reprinted in Penguin Classics in 1985. Gaskell, Elizabeth, Mary Barton. First published in 1848. Reprinted in Penguin Classics in 1985. Pelling, Margaret, Cholera, Fever, and English practice of medicine 1825-1865. Oxford University Press, 1978. Russell, WMS, Biology and Human Affairs A British Social Hygiene Council Publication. Biology and Literature in Britain, 1500-1900. . . Pages 50-72. Smith, F.B., The Peoples Health 1830-1910. Published by Holmes and Meier, 1979, tonic York, New York. USA. Williams, Guy, The Age of Miracles, Medicine and Surgery in the Nineteenth Century. Academy Chicago Publishers, Chicago, Ill., 1987.

Cause and Effects of Protestant Reformation

Major Causes and Effects of the Protestant renewal There were several causes of the Protestant Reformation that effected society, politics, and religion in Europe during the 16th century. In my opinion, the immediate cause that started the reformation was Martin Luthers act of posting the 95 Theses on the gateway of the Wittenberg Cathedral in the Roman Empire. Luther was unhappy with the Catholic church, and posted the Theses due to the sale of indulgences that was going on to raise money for the renovation of St.Peters cathedral from people who wished that their souls go from purgatory to heaven. Luther believed that an indulgence was justified for a persons wrongdoing. By selling indulgences, the Church was giving forgiveness to people who were not risque for the sins they had committed. Luther posted the Theses in order to debate the sale of indulgences because he was worried for the peoples souls. Although Luthers original intentions were to reform the Church of its corrupt ion and greed, it resulted in a split between Protestants and Catholics. The effect that this had on religion was huge.People began to question the op press oution of the Church and see it for the manipulative organization which it was, wanting complete determine of the population. In turn, people challenged the Churchs authority, and it eventually lead to people freeing themselves from the constraints of the Church as a whole. This made each man on an individual basis answer satisfactory himself to God. While Luthers Theses was the immediate cause of the Reformation there were several other causes also. Another major cause was the invention of the printing press and the translation of the Bible to English.John Wycliff translated the Bible to English so that those who could not read Latin could interpret for themselves what the Bible had said. He believed that the Church was entirely too wealthy, and that they were pickings advantage of those that had to rely on the Church for Bib le translation and guidance. I believe that the printing press allowed for more common people to be able to purchase books. Before the printing press Monks had to recopy books themselves by hand. It also allowed for mass production which put the Bible and other literature in the manpower of a much larger audience.The make on society were that common people were getting more educated on their own, and didnt need the Church for guidance to run their lives. It also encouraged more people to learn how to write because there was a wider market for their words and opinions. Religion became more handy to the common people. This allowed for people to come up with their own opinions on the translation of the Bible. The people began to challenge the Churchs authority because they no longer required a Priest to translate to them. This would end up causing the Catholic Church to lose power.The next major cause of the Protestant Reformation was the groundwork of Lutheranism and the Lutheran Church. The Lutheran Church changed the entire culture in Europe. It caused society as a whole to live more wholesome lives by penetrating down on sinful acts and criminal offenses. The Church began to draw the line on what was acceptable and what was not. People began to live more holy lives. Since religion had so much to do with the government and politics at the time, it affected how governments had to be run because they could no longer pay off the Church to get their way.This caused a major political effect on the Catholic Church. Power struggles began to influence how rulers would deal with the Church. Luthers opposition to the financial practices of the Catholic Church fell on welcome ears even though any religion from the religion that was practiced by the majority of citizens was considered very dangerous. Many local authorities realized that by adopting Lutheranism and ridding themselves of Catholicism that they could seize Church property and avoid payment of Church tax es.When Charles V signed the Peace of Augsburg in 1555, it allowed local princes to determine the religion of their field of operations and declare their political and financial independence from the Catholic Church. Although there were many causes and effects of the Protestant Reformation, I believe that these are the most influential causes and effects of society, politics, and religion in Europe during the 16th century. Works Cited Duiker, William J. , Spielvogel, Jackson J. World History Seventh Edition Volume II Since 1500 Wadsworth, 2013. Print.

Two Methods of Weightloss

Sarah M. Davies Rough Draft Com/155 Angela Robles 2-24-2013 The comparison of methods to get weight unit In early 1999, over 61% of American adults were classified as overweight or obese. Since then, the rising rate of obesity in this country has continued to increase. Obesity has been known to cause numerous health issues that could result in death. With the rising rate of obesity in Americans, the Surgeon General suggests a trim back calorie nourishment and cardio exercise to lose weight however, many become victims of easy weight loss methods such as the Hollywood diet.The Surgeon General is a good man-made lake to find methods of weight loss and therefore suggests a reduced calorie diet and rigorous exercise to lost weight. Approximately 300,000 deaths each year in the United States may be attributable to obesity. The first question that arises when the subject of losing weight comes up is Can I still eat what I regard? The answer could possibly be yes if you descend th e suggestions of the Surgeon General. When a person is determined to lose weight, they could follow this type of diet to lose weight efficiently.A reduced calorie diet helps weight loss by lowering food intake and allows for fewer calories for the body to process. A nonher question that has been asked would be Am I going to be getting enough nutrients when I reduce my calories? These reduced calorie diets do not deprive the body of nutrients but rather set up the amount of calories one takes in. This type of diet should also include a daily regimented portion of exercise. Exercise helps reduce the risk of heart malady and diabetes in those who are overweight or obese. The Surgeon General also tates Overweight and obesity are associated with heart disease, certain types of cancer, type 2 diabetes, stroke, arthritis, respire problems, and psychological disorders, such as depression. The risk of all these health issues are drastically reduced when one begins exercise to lose weigh t. The Hollywood diet is a juice only diet that rids your body of chemicals and cleanses your system. However, it is believed by some scientists that the body is capable of ridding toxins from itself without the need for a fast, easy method such as this.The Hollywood diet drink is composed of mostly natural ingredients like water, fructose, pineapple, orange, prune, apple and white grape juices along with preserves and stabilizers. This diet reduces the caloric intake from the sample 2,000 calorie diet to that of only 400 calories per day. Instead of eating three to quartette square meals per day, the individual would be drinking this juice product four times per day along with water. Statistics show that 84% of people who have tried this diet enjoyed the results. The Hollywood diet can help increase energy, clears up skin and helps reduce constipation.There are also no red flag ingredients included in this drink that could cause issues with ones health. Caffeine and joint fir are two ingredients that are not included in this drink. Unfortunately, since this diet is a vitamin and mineral fortified drink, it is only known to be a niggling term weight loss method and has no known long term results. Experts who have studied this product have stated this type of diet can be misleading because an individual would be losing water weight and not fat. Also, because this is a low calorie diet, it may not be best for certain individuals with health issues.In comparison, with a reduced calorie diet and exercise, the individual is provided with all essential vitamins and nutrients to aid in weight loss but with the Hollywood diet, you are not. The Hollywood diet does not provide an individual with proteins or fats which are essentials to optimal health. If an individual were to follow the Surgeon Generals suggestion, they would be provided these two essentials, just in a smaller dosage. Protein is essential to a healthy diet and fats help the body to function properl y. If a person were to be diabetic, the reduced calorie diet with exercise will help maintain blood sugar levels.Unfortunately, with the Hollywood diet, specifically states This type of diet is not recommended for diabetics or those with health issues. Since the Hollywood diet is a very low calorie diet, a person who tries this diet could suffer from intestinal cramping, gallstones and cardiovascular problems. Therefore it is not recommended by the Surgeon General to try this type of diet for rapid weight loss. In conclusion, for optimal results with no underlying health risks, it is best to follow the Surgeon Generals suggestion of a reduced calorie diet and healthy exercise.When an individual follows this diet there is a drastically reduced risk of spotting cardiovascular issues, high blood pressure, and helps aid in losing weight the proper way. The Hollywood diet is a good diet for quick and easy weight loss. Unfortunately, there are certain risks with this diet, especially fo r those that have diabetes. The main concerns are the fact that with this diet, individuals are only losing water weight and not fat. The name of Hollywood diet allows the user to think of the stars and famous, but with the risk of cardiovascular issues and high blood pressure, there is no stardom inherited.It is imperative to control the rise of obesity and by following the Surgeon Generals suggestion. The body is very important to keep in good health. To quote Henry Ward Beecher The body is like a piano, and rapture is like music. It is needful to have the instrument in good order. References http//www. surgeongeneral. gov/library/calls/obesity/fact_whatcanyoudo. html http//www. faddiet. com/hollywooddiet. html http//www. dietsinreview. com/diets/Hollywood_Miracle_Diet/ www. surgeongeneral. gov/library/calls/obesity

History of HTML Essay

hypertext mark-up language or HyperText Markup Language is the predominant and most currently most popular language for creating web pages. It is a well-designed language to describe the bodily structure of text-based information in a document by using current tags referred to as hypertext markup language tags and using certain text links, heads, paragraphs, tables, lists and headings. While hypertext mark-up language is compose in the form of tags, surrounded by angle brackets. HTML can in addition describe, to some degree, the visual aspect and semantics of a document, and can include embedded forms, and different scripting language codes, which can affect the behavior of Web browsers and another(prenominal) HTML processors.It is assumed that what made this language a very popular web instruction language is its English-like characteristic which makes it relatively easy to comprehend, and memorize the tags as compared to most other languages. It was in the late 1980s, whe n the physicist Tim Berners-Lee, who was an independent contractor at CERN, proposed and prototyped ENQUIRE, a agreement for CERN researchers to use and share documents. In 1989, Berners-Lee and CERN Robert Cailliau, a data systems engineer from CERN, each submitted separate proposals for an Internet-based hypertext system providing similar functionality.The following year, they collaborated on a joint proposal, the planetary Web (W3) project this proposal was accepted by CERN and as of now, and the project continued to grow from the day that it was developed, and continuous to grow up until present. In the orgasm of the interne and in the continuous increase in its popularity, came parallel the advent of the web-development language HTML. Although it has already been an accepted and established concept in the field of academics as early as the 1940s.It was with the advent of he personal computer that hypertext came into popularity. Bill Atkinson came up with the astounding idea in the late 1980s. It was then the he and his aggroup developed Hypercard, an application for the Macintosh Operating System. Hypercard allows users to construct a series of on-screen filing cards that would be able to contain text and graphics. Users can also navigate through these filing cards by pressing on-screen buttons, which were designed for simple and plain navigation. Hypercard easily became popular and was integrated on many other applications.Toolbox, for Personal Computers was developed and popularized in the 1990s for hypertext training courses. These courses came up with a more advanced navigation system wherein soak upers or users were able to view pages with buttons which can help them navigate forward or backward or jump to a topic. Hypercard and its co-programs easily became popularized, however they were put away held back by certain limitations. The major limitation was that hypertext jumps were only allowed to be made to files on the same computer.Hypertext umps to computers on other countries or on the other side of the world were still not possible. Hypertext communication was still on the local scale and not available in the global scale. It the increasing demands for global scale hypertext communication that the HTML came into advent. HTML has had a development-span of roughly seven years. During that time, it has evolved from a simple language with a small number of tags to a complex system of mark-up tags, enabling authors to shit visually stunning web pages complete with sound and animation.Basically, the language developed from HTML+, HTML 2, HTML 3. 2, HTML 4. And finally HTML 5, which was released in 2008. A document called HTML Tags, was the first publicly available description of the HTML. This was known to public by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991. It describes 22 elements comprising the initial, relatively simple design of HTML, long dozen of these elements still exist up to HTML 4. At that time, Berners-Lee considered HTML to be an application of Standard Generalized Markup Language or SGML.However, it was not formally denote until the mid-1993 publication, by the IETF, of the first proposal for an HTML specification. Berners-Lee and Dan Connollys made an internet draft, Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). This included an SGML document type definition to define the grammar. The HTML and HTML+ drafts expires in 1994, and that was when IETF created an HTML Working Group, which in 1995 completed HTML 2. 0, the first HTML specification intended to be treated as a standard against which future implementations should be based. HTML 2. 0 included ideas from the HTML and HTML+ drafts.HTML 2. 0 became the standard for website design until the year 1997. By then, more people were using HTML, and while the previous standards offered some decent abilities, people thirsted for more abilities and tags as to be able to better enhance the appearance of their websites. At this time, a HTML working group, led by Dave Ragg ett introduced HTML 3. 0. It included many new and improved abilities for HTML, and promised far more powerful opportunities to HTML users. HTML 4. 0 was recommended by W3C in 1997 and became the official standard in April 1998.Browser support was undertaken surprisingly earnestly by Microsoft in their Internet explorer browser HTML 4. 0 was a large evolution of the HTML standards, and the last version of the classic HTML. At present, the newest version of the HTML is HTML 5. 0. It was promulgated as a working draft by W3C last January 22, 2008, and includes major revisions in the core language of the World Wide Web, HTML. In this version, new features, elements and functionalities had been introduced to advocate web developers to further improve the appearance and back-end structure of websites.

Case Study: Chrysler-Fiat Partnership Essay

When Americas economical crisis reached its apex, domestic car manufacturers were at the forefront of struggling industries, and Chrysler was one of the hardest hit (Car and Driver, 2008). In 2008 the automotive giant, along with fellow industry stalwart General Motors, received a $17.4-billion reprieve from the American Government to keep from closing its doors altogether (Car and Driver).Chrysler did lose a lot of respectability, and was ordered to cease and desist with any youthful product development until the smart set proved it could be a viable business (Gluckman & Kurczewski, 2009). However, the loan from the government proved to still non be enough to get Chrysler back on its feet, and in 2009 the play along filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy (Groth, 2011). society faced its own organizational struggles in 2003-2004 before new CEO Sergio Marchionne led the Italian automotive manufacturer back to respectability (Gluckman & Kurczewski). Still, after watching European car sal es fall to a 17 year low and needing a pull ahead to his companys revenue, Marchionne saw the Chrysler situation as a way to get into the American market (The Economist, 2013).Objectives Sought by Each PartnerChryslers objectives in the partnership with Fiat were pretty simple it needed a monetary boost to maintain its place in the industry and new engineering science if it wanted to grow and advance (Marrs, 2009). After egregiously unsuccessful partnerships with Daimler-Benz and Cerberus Management Group and a multi-billion dollar loan from the American Government ended with Chrysler file for bankruptcy, the company was in desperate need of a method to regain viability (Marrs Krisher & Strumpf, 2009 Gluckman & Kurczewski, 2009).Although Chrysler received no money in the deal, it will emerge as a new, leaner group minus billions in debt, 789 underperforming dealerships, and burdensome labor costs, not to mention gaining Fiatstechnology to build new environmentally friendly, forc e out efficient, high-quality vehicles (Krisher & Strumpf). Fiats objective in the partnership was to provide a financial boost to its own company without accumulating additional debt (Ebhardt, 2013).Fiat, Italys largest auto manufacturer, would analogous to expand its market to become a global competitor. Fiat CEO Sergio Marchionne believes that to compete with General Motors, Volkswagen, and Toyota, the merged Fiat-Chrysler will need to produce 5.5-6 million cars a year, compared to its current output of 4.1 million (The Economist, 2013).Basis of Dialogue Leading to the PartnershipThe basis of a dialogue leading to a potential partnership was the invention of a mutually beneficial situation for all parties involved (Cox, 2013). Fiat has the capital, new technologies to develop high-efficiency cars, and reverence from Ferrari and Maserati fans that will allow Chrysler to regain its place among pass by domestic auto manufacturers in the United States (Groth, 2013). Fiat will shar e with Chrysler its platforms and powertrain technology, including engines, transmissions, and fuel-saving technology (Gluckman & Kurczewski, 2009).Through Fiat, Chrysler will also get better distribution of its products in Europe, India, Brazil and China (Gluckman & Kurczewski). Chrysler is the 3rd-largest U.S. auto company and is a trusted brand with the international appeal, customer base, and facilities that will allow Fiat to become a sober competitor in the global automotive manufacturing market (Groth). Chrysler was also in no position to be patient for an extended period of time. While its factories sit idled during the bankruptcy process, the automaker reportedly lost 100 million per day (Krisher & Strumpf, 2009).Steps Taken by Each CompanyThe partnership between Fiat and Chrysler, which is still an ongoing process, is being approached in phases. Initially Chrysler agreed to give Fiat a 35% holding in return for an influx of new engines and platforms, research and developm ent, and help retooling its plants (Marrs, 2009). This approach allowed both organizations to ease into the partnership, without either side immediately taking on too much debt or risk (Cox, 2013). Analysts were notable to exactly predict the partnership between Fiat and Chrysler.In fact, Chrysler was in talks with General Motors before both companies began to experience serious financial hardships (Gluckman & Kurczewski, 2009). Looking to avoid the management mistakes that doomed Chryslers partnerships with Daimler and Cerberus, Fiat CEO Sergio Marchionne has made it clear that Fiat/Chrysler will run as one company (Trujillo, 2013). As Mr. Marchionne announced at a media briefing, This management team spends their time traveling and making decisions, but this thing runs as one house. There is no question about who runs what I run one company (Vlasic, 2013, pp. 4).

Brief Literature Review

Pelvic examination is an important component of the primary finagle of women especially by internists. This train conducted an internist-run education plan that consisted of 4 weekly patient-care sessions with 2-3 patients under a resident internist. They supervised each pelvic examination and gave real-time feedback and used a skills- prisement checklist during the first and last exam of the program to yield a comprehensive and formative feedback.Number of questions used in the questionnaire was non distinctively discussed, though it was stated the questionnaire was administered twice, first prior to the program, then the second questionnaire was administered after 3 months. With regards to the questionnaire, a 5-point Likert scurf was used in this see to asses results. Based from the results, the patients self-assessed competencies have improved and it may help increase the likelihood of residents performing pelvic examination in primary care.(Goldstein C. E. , 2005) The sec ond nurture evaluated the effects of an in-service program on the perceptions, knowledge and concerns of care for power members ab step up students with disability. 112 faculty members were trained in 8 nursing programs. The number of questions utilized in the study was not specifically stated, though it a clear Likert Scale of 6-point was used.The areas aspects which the Likert Scale dealt with were legal issues, classroom strategies, clinical teaching strategies and accommodations Likert Scale was administered to the faculty members to rate their awareness of whether quite a little with disabilities could succeed as nursing students or professionals. The results of the questionnaire were describe in terms of an fair value or the mean ratings, which was defined or found out to be approximately 4.From this result, it was concluded that there was a big significance on the faculty members perception before and after the educational activity. The results of this study suggest t hat faculty members perceptions, knowledge and concern can be positively affected through dressing. (Sowers J. A. , 2004) The trinity study utilized a modified Course Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) to assess the teaching of medical communication skills. First year college students completed a CEQ that would be potentially useful in evaluating innovative programmes and securing support for their development.In this study, a rail line experience questionnaire (CEQ30) having 30 questions was used, which was an innovation of the course experience questionnaire (CEQ25) (Broomfield & Bligh, 1998) having 25 questions only. In this questionnaire, five items were devoted specifically to on medical communication skills teaching. The questionnaire which was administered used a Likert Scale of 5-points. The developed questionnaire was employed to test whether its applicable or not in evaluating the medical communication skills teaching Measures In 1997 to 1998.Results were reported utilise average values, stating the number of principal components factor analysis of responses equal to 165. From the results, it was found out that the CEQ30 was a reliable instrument to evaluate a course design. (Steele G. , 2003) The quarter study is about the perceived efficiency of teaching methods used for health services management education. The study was conducted to bring into consideration the challenges of establishing an experimental link mingled with teaching methods and the outcome of education in a classroom.Program directors from the AUPHA graduate programs were surveyed in 1998 regarding the supposed success of a wide range of teaching methods employed. No clear number of questions or items in the questionnaire was mentioned, and it the Likert Scale used was not specifically mentioned, only that its range varies from very effective to not very effective. The results were not reported quantitatively, but rather qualitatively, whereas the highest and the lowest ranked te aching method was elaborated.Based from the results, the authors they suggested a research agenda for measuring the education outcomes in a classroom. (Hilberman D. W. , 2000) The fifth study is about the participation in continuing nursing education programs by staff development specialists. Staff development specialists were surveyed regarding their reasons for their participation in continuing nursing education programs. Hospital-based staff development specialists from the American Hospital Association member facilities responded to the Participation Reasons Scale (PRS).No definite number of questions was mentioned in the study, though it was mentioned that a Likert Scale with a rating of 1 to 7 was used. The Likert Scale was used to determine if it was effective or not, where results were presented in terms of mean scores. It was found out that the average scores of the Hospital-based staff development specialists in the Likert Scale was 3. 52 to 6. 40. Results were also report ed that there were significant expirations in the responses. Furthermore, the results showed a statistically significant difference in the responses of certified and noncertified staff development specialists.It was stated that the result scans help continuing education professionals make decisions and programming, though further studies were still recommended. (Aucoin, J. W. , 1998) The last study investigated whether physiotheraphy students attitudes towards physiotheraphy changes during training in what way. Literature and studies on this topic is limited and there is controversy about the process of professional socialisation and attitude changes that occur during the training in health care professions. In the study, no exact number of questions used in the questionnaire was stated.Though in it was mentioned that there were 52 respondents, wherein a Likert Scale, of no definite scale mentioned, was used. The results were presented using frequencies of respondents on a particul ar aspect or subject which the questions tackled. The result showed no significant difference in the attitudes of the first, second and third year students. This study provides useful information which could be used to help in the selection of students and in the planning of the future courses. Also, recommendations for further studies are made.(Wadsworth, S. J. , 1991) References Goldstein C. E. , H. I. , Foldes C. , et al. . (2005). Internists training medical residents in pelvic examination impact of an educational program. (Publication. Retrieved August 22, 2007, from The Chartered society of Physiotherapy Library and entropy work http//www. csp. org. uk/director/libraryandpublications/libraryandinformationservices. cfm Hilberman D. W. , D. P. L. , Andersen R. M. , et al. . (2000). perceive effectiveness of teaching methods for heath services administration education.(Publication. Retrieved August 22, 2007, from The Chartered Society of Physiotherapy Library and Information Services http//www. csp. org. uk/director/libraryandpublications/libraryandinformationservices. cfm J. W. , A. (1998). Participation in continuing nursing education programs by staff development specialists. (Publication. Retrieved August 22, 2007, from The Chartered Society of Physiotherapy Library and Information Services http//www. csp. org. uk/director/libraryandpublications/libraryandinformationservices. cfm S. J. , W. (1991).A study to show changes in physiotherapy students attitude to physiotherapy during training Addenbrookes Hospital Cambridge School of Physiotherapy. (Publication. Retrieved August 22, 2007, from The Chartered Society of Physiotherapy Library and Information Services http//www. csp. org. uk/director/libraryandpublications/libraryandinformationservices. cfm Sowers J. A. , S. M. R. (2004). Evaluation of the effects of an inservice training program on nursing faculty members perceptions, knowledge, and concerns about students with disabilities. (Publication.Re trieved August 22, 2007, from The Chartered Society of Physiotherapy Library and Information Services http//www. csp. org. uk/director/libraryandpublications/libraryandinformationservices. cfm Steele G. , W. S. , Simeon D. . (2003). Using a modified course experience questionnaire (CEQ) to evaluate the innovative teaching of medical communication skills. (Publication. Retrieved August 22, 2007, from The Chartered Society of Physiotherapy Library and Information Services http//www. csp. org. uk/director/libraryandpublications/libraryandinformationservices. cfm

What Does It Mean to Be a Teacher

To Whom It May Concern, Teachers are the facade of a school. They teach students skills that prepare them for their whole life. Teachers are leaders not followers they are the lyrics to a song. They support the helpless and make frowns into smiles. A teacher is always on time and neatly dressed, not grumpy. Teachers have garbled their way now. They miss almost school days at a time they record grades into the computer at the last minute, and they do not care about the students.Teachers have lost their true value. There is a teacher named Mrs. A, she does not do any of her work. She is never at school her grades are never in on time, and there is always a substitute in her class room. Her students have not learned anything since school started, and it is certainly driving my teacher crazy. My teacher is always cover for her but gets in trouble for no reason. Teachers like Mrs. A have lost the knowledge of what it means to be a teacher.They take it for granted teach children is a privilege that is rewarded to those who entirely devote themselves to the job. Not those who abuse the privilege. If a teacher can not meet their full expectations, then he/she should not have the job. Students need the strong to lean on, not the weak. Students need a soaring eagle, not a crawling worm. Teachers have lost their respect the deed does not mean anything anymore. Does anyone know what the definition of a teacher is? Sincerely, Brea Robinson

Florence Nightingale – A Name of its Own

Florence nightingale was born into privilege and wealth. Born in Florence, Italy on May 12, 1820, she received her anticipate from the city of her birth. It is noteworthy that Florence was considered an unusual name at the time, solely this changed with the fame of knock off Nightingale. Although born in Italy, she grew up in Derbyshire, Hampshire, and London, where her parents kept large, comfortable homes. Nightingale was the offspring of parents of upper-class power and influence, She was the younger of their dickens daughters and her upbringing was a definitive education and social prominence.Miss Nightingales classic education included history, multiple languages, economics, astronomy, science, philosophy, and mathematical skills. Mr. Nightingale took upon himself the classical education of Florence while Mrs. Nightingale taught her the social skills and leadership qualities. Florence became increasingly unhappy with her upper-class lifestyle. Victorian England afforded wome n of upper-class means to a life of little education, but an emphasis on proper male-female roles. A womans role in 19th century England was to be subservient to her husband and avoid occupational ambitions.The Nightingale family ignored the custom of offering little education to their girls. On February 7, 1837, Florence said she heard the voice of God tell her that she had a mission. Nine long time later she discovered her mission. In 1846, a friend sent her the Year Book of the Institute of Protestant Deaconesses at Kaisersworth, Germany, which is a training school for nurses. quad years later Florence left for Germany to attend the institute during 1850, and again returning to Germany in 1851.These two brief periods were the only formalized medical training she received. Miss Nightingales mother never supported her nurse desires, and Mr. Nightingale opposed her nursing aspirations, but gave his blessing after becoming ill and receiving captive care from his nursing student da ughter. In 1853, Nightingale received an unpaid position of Superintendent of Nurses at the Institution for the Care of Sick Gentlewomen in put out Circumstances in London. This position allowed her to display innovative skill for nursing and nursing leadership.She conventional numerous changes in nursing care which included sulphurous and cold running water on all floors, and patient call lights. In 1854, Miss Nightingale was called upon during the Crimean War. Nightingale assembled 38 women on October 21, 1854, and left for bomb calorimeter two weeks later to care for the injured and diseased British solders. For 21 months, Nightingales team of women established hygienic standards in the care of the wounded, and established a pure water supply. When she arrived more men were dying from fever and infection than the war wounds themselves.She enforced sanitary regulations, and introduced special diets. With her own money she bought she bought linen, shirts, food, and so far beds for the military hospital. As a result of these efforts, the mortality rate dropped to 2%, down from 60% previous to their arrival. In 1860 the Nightingale School, a formal nursing training program opened with only 10 students. Although nursing education was not her utmost personal mission after returning from the war, it soon became her mission. Florence Nightingale was a pioneer and a brilliant motivator and organizer.She is credited with establishing nursing as the respected profession it is today. Florence Nightingale is responsible for not only neo western nursing education, but also secularized nursing training. Although a seer in a perfect and eternal God who unquestionable laws that ruled the universe, she came to believe that all people, without regards to religious affiliation or belief, are entitled to medical and nursing care. Her influence extended beyond mere buildings and institutions.Her mission was leadd by a prevailing philosophy of nursing springing from past experiences in Crimea and London. Her conceptual theories were later refined and improved upon, as other great theories have developed over time. But the rich legacy she left behind has to do with ideas. Among these is the nursing model that treats patients as multidimensional individuals rather than merely treating the disease. Nightingale popularized the sop up that the purpose of nursing was to put the patient in the best possible condition for nature to act upon him(Nightingale, 1859).This is now known as the environmental alteration theory. Nightingale was also a world known writer. Notes on Nursing was her most famous book in which was written as a guide for the general public as an outline for various hygienic and sanitary improvements. Her main concern was how the public could alter the environment in order to outgrowth health and wellness of patients. The lifelong works of Florence Nightingale have made the nursing profession what it is today and has greatly influenced t he patient care ethics of western sandwich civilizations.

Colgate Marketing

Colgate-Palmolive confederacy(NYSECL) is anAmericandiversifiedmultinational corporationfoc dropd on the returnion, dispersion and provision of household, health shell out and personal products, such assoaps,detergents, andoral hygieneproducts. In 1806,William Colgate, himself a soap and candle maker, opened up a starch, soap, and candle factory on Dutch roadway inNew York Cityunder the name of William Colgate & angstrom Company. In the 1840s, the firm began marting individual bars in uniform weights. In 1857, William Colgate died and the company was reorganized as Colgate & Company under the management ofSamuel Colgate, his son.In 1872, Colgate introducedCashmere Bouquet, a perfumed soap. In 1873, the firm introduced its first toothpaste, an aromatic toothpaste sold in jars. His company sold the first toothpaste in a tube, Colgate Ribbon Dental Cream, in 1896. By 1908 they initiated fix selling of toothpaste in tubes. Colgate-Palmolive has long been in fierce competition wi thProcter & Gamble, the worlds largestsoapanddetergentmaker. PampG introduced itsTidelaundry detergentshortly afterWorld War II, and thousands of consumers saturnine from Colgates soaps to the new product.Colgate lost its number one place in thetoothpaste merchandise when P&G started puttingfluoridein its toothpaste. In the beginning oftelevision, Colgate-Palmolive wished to compete withProcter & Gambleas a denounce ofsoap operas. Although the company sponsored many shows in part, they were most famous for being the full sponsor of the incidentalThe Doctors. Year Wise Details * 1873 Aromatic toothpaste was first introduced. * 1896 First dental cream was introduced in folding(prenominal) tube. * 1928 Colgate merged with Palmolive Peet Company. * 1937 Colgate Palmolive India limited was stick with in existence. 1949 Colgate toothpaste despatched in Indian merchandise place by CPIL. Company enlarge * Fabian Garcio is the Chairmen and Roger D. Calmayer is the M. D Company.* It acquired 75% equity in advance oral care product * Registered g everywherenment agency is located at Mumbai. * Its total turn over is Rs. 1363 cr. * Its main business is manufacturing and marketing of oral care products toilet soaps, shaving products etc. * Its has captured highest share in the toothpaste brand in India. * Its manufacturing plant is situated at Baddi plant of Himachal Pradesh Colgate toothpaste * Launched in 1949 , Colgate is largest tooth paste in India . Colgate has been ranked as India most trusted brand across all Categories for four consecutive years from two hundred3 to 2007 by brand equities most trusted brand survey. Colgate was in addition rated as the no. 1 brand. * Colgate toothpaste has variety of products which includes * Colgate dental cream * Colgate active salt * Colgate gunk cherubic * Colgate total 12 * Colgate extra clean gum care * Colgate sensitive soup-strainer * Colgate 360 toothbrush fare market share of Colgate in diffe rent years The leader in the oral-care category is positioned to capitalize on underpenetrated market divisions through strong brands.A 51% subsidiary of Colgate US, Colgate Palmolive (India) (CPIL) is a market leader in the Indian oralcare industry since decades. The company has products across variants and price points in toothpaste, tooth powder, and toothbrushes, and has leadership in each of these. CPILs devil brands of toothpastes Colgate and Cibaca are targeted at the urban and rural markets, respectively. CPILs toothpaste gross sales quite a little increased 11% and toothbrush 41% in the September 2008 quarter, expanding its overall market share to 37. 7% in the January-August 2008 period. The company riseed the toothpowder market share to 48. % in the January-August 2008 period. These increases were driven by tight focus on getting adpressed to consumers everywhere, strengthening partnerships with the dental profession and customers in the trade and fostering inno vation in all areas of business. The launch of innovative products such as Colgate Active Salt, Colgate Maxfresh and Colgate 360 toothbrush carewise contributed to the growth of the market share. Penetration of advanced oral-care products below 55% is low in India as many tidy sum in rural India facilitate clean their teeth with traditional products like twigs of neem tree, salt, ash, and other herbal tea items.Per capita consumption of toothpaste in India is among the worst globally. While Indias per capita consumption of toothpaste is 92 grams, even countries like China and Malaysia consume much at 219 grams and 285 grams, respectively. Also, just 7% of the population here brushes twice a day as correspondd with 61% in China. Increasing awareness on the benefits of oral care and brushing twice daily would work in favour of CPIL. In the current scenario of economic slowdown, there may be a reduction in demand for premium products and higher demand for value-for-money product s.CPIL will be at a significant matched advantage as it has one of the strongest brands in the lower priced toothpaste segment. The company has improved its presence in the value-for-money segment through an increase in market share of Cibaca from 5% in the year end expose 2005 (FY 2005) to 7. 3% in FY 2008. The markets for advanced oral products like mouth wash, dental floss and teeth discolour products are at a nascent stage in India. These products find limited usage with consumer dousing in urban areas. CPIL caters to these products and has an upper hand in the development of this market as they evolve in future.The company has likewise made attempts to widen its product basket through entry into shower gels and trunk washes and has been steadily expanding its offerings in the Palmolive Naturals as well as Palmolive Thermal Spa range. To make effective use of capital, address overcapitalisation and reward shareholders, CPIL cut its share capital from Rs 136 crore to Rs 13. 6 crore in the fiscal ended March 2008 (FY 2008). Though the number of shares outstanding and the shareholding structure have remained unchanged, this reduction has substantially improved the call in ratios like return on capital employed (RoCE) and return on equity (RoE).RoCE spurted to 129. 95% in FY 2008 from 90. 01% in FY 2007. RoNW improved to 104. 67% from 71. 23%. CPIL aims at molding gains through efficient supply-chain management and obstetrical delivery down cost of operations. It has expanded its Baddi (tax-efficient zone), Himachal Pradesh, capacity to 66,000 tonnes in FY 2009 from 40,000 tonnes in FY 2007. This plant enjoys excise and income-tax exemption. These benefits will boost margin. With most commodity prices falling, CPILs raw material, packing and transport costs will also come down, helping it to increase margin as also expand ad budgets to boost volume growth.Net sales increased 16% to Rs 863. 06 crore in the half year ended September 2008. Operating pu t on margin declined 96 basis points to 18. 9% and operating profit grew 10% to Rs 162. 95 crore. Total tax expending fell 11% to Rs 28 crore, which lifted net profit 17% to Rs 135. 40 crore. Company stand CPIL to register EPS of Rs 19. 7 in FY 2009. The share price trades at Rs 405. P/E is 20. 6. Cost of advertising incurred by colgate toothpaste in different years. Strong rural off take for FMCG products and Colgates expanding market shares in oral care suggest that the company could sustain strong topline growth over the next 2-3 years.Colgates profit growth may outpace sales growth, as it widens its product mix and lowers tax incidence by shifting more of its production to tax-free zones. At the current market price, the stock trades at astir(predicate) 19 times its expected simoleons for 2008-09 and about 16 times expected earnings for 2009-10, at par with FMCG peers. The companys strong cash coffers, rising dividends and high dividend yield also make the stock a good defe nsive pick in a volatile market. Colgate Palmolive India, which holds a 49. 2 per cent market share in toothpastes and a 35. 2 per cent share in toothbrushes, is the dominant player in the Indian oral care market.Oral care products have seen strong volume growth over the past year, driven by consumer upgrading (from toothpowder to paste) and strong rural offtake. As the solely other FMCG company apart from Hindustan Unilever to have an extensive rural distribution network, Colgate appears well placed to capitalise on strong rural demand for FMCGs, which is being driven by buoyancy in rural incomes and spending power. In the past year, Colgate has been able to expand its oral care market share on the back of new product launches and a strong presence in the economy segment where have-to doe with Hindustan Unilever does not have a major presence.Given its dominant market share, Colgate enjoys considerable pricing power to mind on input cost increases to consumers. The company has a lso made attempts to widen its relatively narrow product basket through an entry into shower gels and body washes and has been steadily expanding its offerings under the Palmolive Naturals as well as Palmolive Thermal Spa range. Shower gel is a high growth segment which offers superior profit margins. Colgates strategy of shifting from outsourcing to own manufacture of products and locating new facilities in tax-free zones, has also led to steadily improving profitability.Its operating profit margins have moved up from 17-18 per cent to 22 per cent over the past 3 years. The company closed the nine months ended December 2007 with a 14-per cent growth in sales and a 30-per cent growth in net profit (excluding one-off items), despite significantly higher advertising spends. COMAPANYS SALES IN LAST 3 long time Amounts spend by all toothpaste brands on advertisement (InRs. Crs. ) From the above data we can say that Colgate gives druthers to TV media and very small share of advertisemen t budget is spent on print media Toothpaste penetrationTalking about penetration Colgate concentrates more on urban India, so there is scope to expand business and market share in rural India . Cost of advertisement incurred by different toothpaste brands Even when we will compare Colgate with its competitors in terms of amount spent on marketing we can see that we can clear see that colgate is the one who spends highest amount on advertising i. e. 40 % of entire market spending on advertisement. Competitor who stood second in spending is PEPSODENT . PEPSODENT spends 22% on advertisement capturing 22. 8 %of the total market share. Followed by CLOSEUP whos is third inProduct mix Strong Teeth Decay Protection Colgate Strong Complete 12 Hr Protection Colgate Total Cooling Crystal Freshness Colgate Max Fresh Fresher schnorkel Colgate Energy Gel Plaque &Removal Colgate Herbal Total Oral Care Colgate Cibacea Stains Preventing & Shiny Colgate Advanced Whitening Germ F ighters Colgate Salt Fruity Bubble Gam Flavour Colgate Kids Price miscellany The Regular segment Volume(64,922 tons) The Low price point segment Volume(21,641 tons) Price bunk Price Range 50 gms Rs 12. 5-24 50 gms Rs. 8-10 100 gms Rs. 25-30 100 gms Rs. 4-20 150 gms Rs. 35-45 150 gms Rs. 25 Prominent brands Prominent brands Colgate Pepsodent Close-up Meswak Dabur ruby-red Colgate Cibaca Babool Anchor Ajanta Place mix * Colgate palmolive spread all over country. It has 3. 5 million retail outlets and 4235 enjoin distribution channel. * It has cover 75 % of urban market and 39 % of rural market of its total market share. * Colgate toothpaste are available at all most every retail shops in pune. * The Company is bind up with initiatives like E- Chupal and Disha to further strengthen its distribution network. Shubham Enterprises * Add. 16 no. , New kalebari, Meera complex state floor pune (411033) Dealer margin 10 Rs (per carton) Retailer margin P er disaster 6 7 Rs. (Per box ) box 50 gm. 24 piece box 100 gm. 12 piece box 200 gm 6 piece promotion mix * Colgate has use various promotion strategy like discount , offers such as 20% extra on colgate strong , free tooth brush with cibaca toothpaste . * It has choose various medium of advertisement like TV ads, oral care campaign * It has tied up with IDA * It has given free check up by introducing oral health month.Steps taken Segmentation * CPIL has divide market on the basis of product features * 1 Geographic segmentation * Rural area Colgate herbal &Cibaca toothpaste. * Urban area Colgate Gel ,Colgate max fresh, Colgate strong etc. Demographic segmentation * A) eon 2 year & above * B) Gender M/F * C) Income Rs. 5000 & above * D) Family manners cycle Young single, married, with children , old people * E) Education Both educated on non educated people Psychographic Segmentations * A) Life style * Sustainer Colgate Strong Colgate dental Achiever Colgat e energy gel * Experimental Colgate citrous fruit blast * Health Conscious Colgate herbal Behavioral Segmentation * A) Value segmentation Good prize , benefits, value for money* B) User status Regular user, first time * C) Loyalty Medium , strongly * D) Uses rate light & Medium Targeting * Company has mainly targeted children& youth all over the country . Since a child involves its whole family so their parents also use it. * For youths they have launched Colgate max fresh & Colgate energy Gel for modern & adventures generation. Positioning As the dental smart Colgate has identified different oral needs and Offers the customer a toothpaste that full fill their desired needs. * It has effected its brand image in customer mind so customer has total faith on it. Conclusion & Recommendations * CIPL is doing extremely well in all the areas of its operations and this is the reason for its being the market leader. * It is no. 1 brand of toothpaste in India it has c apture more than 39% market share. * The company should focuse on more promotional strategies and Distribution system through effective SCM to beat its competitor .

Marketing Report of the Amul Company, Including the Swot, Tows, Ifsa, Efas Essay

1.0 Introduction1.1 Background of the patience The dairy farm farm farm farm patience plays an important role in the socio-economic study of India. The dairy pains in India is implemental in providing cheap nutritional food to the bulky population of India and also generates huge employment opportunities for great deal in rural places. The Department of Animal Husbandry, dairying, and Fisheries, which flags quite a littlestairs the central Ministry of Agriculture, is responsible for all the matters relating to dairy learning in the country. This department returns advice to the state governments and concretion Territories in formulating programs and policies for dairy development To keep focalisation on the dairy industry a premier institution kn throw as the National dairy farm Development Board was established. This institution is a statutory body that was established in 1987. The main header to stigmatize up the board was to accelerate the pace of dairy devel opment in the country and delineate sassy enthronements. India is a wonderland for investors looking for investment opportunities in the dairy industry. The dairy industry holds great strength for investment in India and promises high returns to the investors. The reasons why the industry has huge potential for attracting new foreign investment ar 1. in that location is a basic raw stuff and nonsense subscribe to for the dairy industry that is, take out is visible(prenominal) in abundance. 2. India has a plentiful supply of technically skilled laborers.3. There is an aristocratical availability of technological infrastructure. 4. India has all the key elements required for a free commercialise system.1.2 Company HistoryAMUL was set up in 1946 and its full form is Anand take out-producers Union Ltd. The filth Amul is a movement in dairy cooperative in India. The management of the brand name is done by the Gujarat Cooperative draw merchandise Federation Ltd (GCMMF) wh ich is a cooperative organization base in Gujarat.1.3 outline of Vision and Mission fancy liberate our farmers from economic oppression and leave them to prosperity. MISSION Dairy cooperatives of Gujarat turnover to be Rs. 27,000 crores by 2020.Objective To ensure that the maximum sh ar of the consumers rupee goes prickle to the take out producers. afterward analyzing the resource and mission of the company it is pretty sure that the company would strive to expand its distribution ne cardinalrk, would involve its work force in creative trade, plan for consumer education and harvest-homeionion innovation, would supplement effectively on rising levels, stimulate affluence among Indian consumers and would tap the rising demand for new value added products.1.4 About AMUL1.4.1 LocationAmul is locate in the Anand district which is in the state of Gujarat and it has set up itself as a model for development in the rural beas. For Amul brand has started the White Revolution of India which has helped to make the country the biggest manufacturer of draw and its by products in the building block world. Amul has around 2.6 million producer members and the total capacity for handling draw is around 10.16 million liters e genuinely sidereal day. The brandscapacity for take out drying is around 594 Mts. each day and its capacity for cattle feed manufacturing is most 2640 Mts. each day.1.4.2 point of intersection PortfolioAmul is the biggest brand in the pouched draw sector in the world and in India it is the biggest food brand. Amuls effigy of products includes take out, ghee, milk powderizes, curd, ice cream, paneer, cream, chocolate, cheese, butter, and shrikhand.1.4.3 Brand UmbrellaThe various brands of Amuls bread spreads argon Amul Lite, Amul Butter, and Delicious T open Margarine. The Brand Amuls milk drinks argon sold under various names such(prenominal) as Amul Kool, Amul Kool Cafe, Kool Koko, Amul Kool Chocolate take out, and Amul Masti Sp iced Amuls powder milk is sold under umteen an early(a)(prenominal) names like Amulya Dairy bleaching agent, Sugar Tea cocoa Whitener, Sugar Skimmed milk Powder, and Amul Instant Full Cream milk Powder.The brands cheeses are also sold under various names such as Gouda Cheese, Amul Cheese open ups, and Amul Emmental Cheese.Amul Brands desserts are sold under many names like Amul Basundi, Amul Lassee, Gulab Jamun Mix, Amul Shrikhand, and Amul Ice Creams.1.4.4 Business MarketsAmul merchandises its products to various countries such as USA, Australia, Mauritius, China, Hong Kong, Singapore, UAE, and Bangladesh.Amul has often had a special connection with the film industry. A collation of some of the shiny Amul adverts over the grades is as fol upsets-2.0 Environmental digest2.1 STEEP AnalysisThis STEEP synopsis endures toilsome information about Social, Technological, Economical, Ecological and Political aspects that effect Amul directly or indirectly.2.1.1 SocialAmul has ef fected genial change at the village level i.e. people stand in line to deliver their milk without trying to take short cuts. They do not complain if they take to stand behind an unshakable in the line. Hence, the cooperative has thus given a deathblow to the caste system in its aver way. alike Amul provided women an opportunity to work a voice in the home economy as they are the major participants in the program.2.1.2 TechnologicalGCMMFs technology scheme is characterized by four distinct components modernistic products, Process technology, Complementary assets to enhance milk production, E-commerce GCMMF was one of the first FMCG (fast-moving consumer goods) firms in India to employ Internet technologies to implement B2C commerce. Customers sight order a variety of products through the Internet and be assured of timely pitching with cash consecratement upon receipt. An separate e-initiative underway is to provide farmers access to information relating to markets, tech nology and best practices in the dairy industry through net enabled kiosks in the villages. GCMMF has also implemented a Geographical randomness System (GIS) at some(prenominal) ends of the supply set up, i.e. milk collection as well as the trade process.2.1.3 EconomicalGCMMF proved that susceptibility of co-operatives can supremacyfully counter the recessionary trends of the economy in that respectby ensuring legitimate livelihood to the farmer producer and religious offering value for money products to its consumers. For the third consecutive year, it has posted a double digit growth turnover cathode-ray oscilloscopeing Rs. 6700 crores. Pandemic economic turmoil has taken its toll, as international prices of all major dairy products cast off declined drastically in recent months. However, with its sharp commission on domestic Indian market, Amul has successfully insulated Indian farmers from all the turbulence in global dairy trade. It is already providing the best emp loyment option for displaced workers from urban manufacturing sector, who after losing their jobs cod to recession, have started reverse migration from cities back to villages2.1.4 EcologicalGCMMF could foresee the impact of level the stairs normal monsoon in August 2009 itself and started planning to maintain milk production, procurance and inventory levels. Also, at a time when due to lower production of cereals, fodder prices had jumped intimately two-fold, GCMMF enhanced the supplies of cattle-feed to milk producers and maintained its prices below cost and were able to provide better returns to the milk producers to catch the stress of draught2.1.5 PoliticalTussle for the chairmanship of Gujarat Cooperative milk Marketing Federation Limited (GCMMF), the point merchandise body, emerged as the core issue among political parties. These parties planned gain entry into the cooperative hulks affairs. Mr. Bhatol, who was enjoying his second three-year term,was a consensus can didate last year, even as the main political parties failed to strike a new head. Now, barely a year after his pickings over for the second term, Mr. Bhatol is under pressure to relinquish the office.2.2 Issue Priority ground substanceFig 1 Issue Priority Matrix for Amul2.3 Porters Five Forces mannikinFig 2 Porters Five Forces Model1. Bargaining Power of SuppliersGCMMF is a cooperative, which means it lends business by collecting from large number of single(a) farmers who rely upon the cooperative to give them better price for their produce. Therefore the bargaining power of such suppliers is low. twenty dollar bill nine lakhs milk producers gain higher profits only through the co-operative which in turn drives down their bargaining power.2. Bargaining Power of BuyersThere are already other co-operatives existing in India, having their own established brands, which reduce the loyalty of current clients, thereby increasing their bargaining power.3. Rivalry Among CompetitorsThe m arket is passing competitive, existence of several(prenominal) players which have already established channels and partners constantly push the envelope. The competition exists locally, nationally and internationally.4. Threat From SubstituteAlthough no real substitute exist for milk, however competition offers low priced products as well as variety, from skimmed milk to full cream as well as milk powder.5. Barriers To EntryThe competition among existing players is truly intense and grown over the years from collection of much(prenominal) and more producers. The producers only supply to such established brands due to their reach and ability to maximize profits. Also the industry is capital intensive along with several legal barriers. Although an innovative2.4 Industry MatrixKey winner Factors Weight Amul Amul Score Mother Mother Dairy Weighted Score 1. Strong supply chain partnerships 2. Efficient concord and coordination of the network 3. High returns for the suppliers 4. Use of technology to solve enigmas 5. theme 6. Marketing 7. Product quality 8. Wide product portfolio 9. Investment and resources 10. Product availability 0.10 4.0 0.40 3.0 0.30 4.0 0.40 0.05 4.0 0.20 4.0 0.20 3.5 0.17 0.03 0.04 0.20 0.25 0.18 2.5 3.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 0.075 0.12 1 1.25 0.90 3.0 4.0 4.0 2.5 3.5 0.90 0.16 0.80 0.625 0.63 5.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 4.0 0.15 0.16 1 1.25 0.72 0.05 3.5 0.175 4.0 0.20 3.5 0.17 0.05 4.0 0.20 5.0 0.25 5.0 0.25 0.05 4.0 0.20 5.0 0.25 5.0 0.25 Rating hold tight reformment ScoreThe key success factors of Amul in the industry usurp industry rivals ability to expand in the competition, raw material availability, packaging, cost, marketing, product function, reputation & credibility, quality and others. These factors are very diminutive and all players like have to control over them. They change from time to time and affect the finances and the competition.The current industry matrix puts Nestle at the top among others. Although the matrix is not unadulte rated and does not include all market conveying companies, it still shows where the gaps are and the critical success factors. Nestle takes the lead beca affair of high quality products and aggressive marketing, also the standards and technology used by Nestle is maestro than Amul or Mother Dairy, which are domestic brands. Products availability is important factor, since even one miss pushes the customer to seek a diametric competitor. Amul however is not far behind and can catch up in areas of technology and marketing.2.4 Key Success FactorsThe key success factors of the Amul industry are those things that affect industry members ability to prosper in the market place-accessibility to raw materials, packaging cost focus, Advertisement, product design, reputation & credibility, quality control, strategic alliances, are ultimately so important that all firms in the industry must pay close attention to them. These key factors of success are critical in the dairy industry inparticu lar, as they are the factors that shape whether a company ordain be financially and competitively successful. These critical factors may vary from time to time within the industry as driving forces and competitive conditions change. After calculating the weighted score for all three companies, it seems that Nestle has got the highest weighted score compared to the other two companies. This is because Nestle is able to achieve a high score in product availability success factor and Advertisement success factor. Nestle plays a lead role in advertisement. Their marketing strategy is to reach each and every one through advertisements. They spend a lot in legal injury of Advertisements. While good go awaying plays an important role for Amul, as its been in the market from past three generations, so the advertisement is the to the lowest degree role for their strategy. Still Amul does come up with taglines of movies and current affairs.3.0 Factor Analysis3.1 Internal Factor Analysis Summary (IFAS)Internal factors Strengths1. Wide diversity of 0.15 5.0 0.75 Expansion opportunities 0.15 0.10 5.0 4.5 0.75 0.45 low general be market leader available products 2. Economies of scale 3. Largest co-operativeWeightRatingWeighted ScoreCommentsfor milk products 4. Strong supply chain 5. Leading national player 0.05 0.05 4.0 3.5 0.20 0.17 Strong network wide consumer jut outWeaknesses1. Lack of scalability 2. Low control over milk yield 3. out-migration delay 4. Inferior technology 5. Low investment Total 0.15 0.10 0.10 1.00 3.5 3.5 2.5 0.52 0.35 0.25 3.86 0.10 0.05 3.0 2.5 0.30 0.12 Saturation Bovine Population Road Infrastructure Old technology No newer investmentsIn the last few years, the cooperative has successfully launched several new product lines, which have been popular among different age groups. In order to leverage from their distribution network, to optimize market inspection expenditures, to achieve increasing efficiency enchantment keeping the distribu tion infrastructure lean, focused and productive, the amalgamation of its different distribution networks was done. Control over supply chain with industry best practices makes Amul the market leader in dairy products in India. Amul has 14 nominated social cohesion, employment opportunities, societal infrastructure, milch animal rearing practices, hygienics and sanitation sensation through safe milk concepts etc. Milk products create an inherent helplessness, which is perishability. The product can lose quality in a small time compass, therefore several other strengths relating to storage, movement and related logistics have to be improved. Another weakness is that some of the products are very less-traveled and cannot compete with other players this weakness is in terms of frozen products, which are considered low in quality. The marketing for these products is missing and does not appropriately position it. Technology and transportation remain basic weaknesses which mar the eff iciency of the entire supply chain.3.2 External Factor Analysis Summary (EFAS)As a Global enterprise, Amul lead be incuring global demands and ensure greater productivity and the opportunity to enhance integration in order to enlarge efficiency and effectiveness in the business. It already has wide geographic positions and hence this will give it an advantage to get access to gain presence in mature markets. Efforts to exploit export potential arealready on, as Amul is exporting to Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nigeria, and the Middle East. By following the new GATT treaty, opportunities have increased tremendously for the export of agri-products in general and dairy products in particular. Local competitors are the major problem facing by Amul. They sell their products at a lower price, since being a low capital company they have fewer expenses to take care of. Secondly as the environmental costs are rising day by day, its getting tough to carry the same set throughout. Thus cutting d own the extra cost will surely help. Adulteration is also a major threat to quality that takes place due to illiterate farmers from remote villages.3.3 Strategic Factor Analysis Summary (SFAS)There are certain strategic factors, which are with a long-term mission, and some need to be addressed in the short term. There are other factors, which do not fall into either of the terms mentioned above they are classified as average term. 163.3.1 Short statusThe strategic factors that the company needs to satisfy in the short run are Economies of scale as it can change by building few more storage capacity at their new projects. This will also benefit in global expansion of the company. As short term defines a period of a year or so, the solution should be found within a year for a proper success.3.3.2 Intermediate experimental conditionThe strategic factors that the company needs to consider during this term are lower yield management, supply chain demand and rising environmental costs. These are classified into intermediate continuance because the company must be able to overcome its weaknesses, make use of the opportunities and defeat the threats. whole this must be done at the right time to ensure efficient results. In this graphic symbol the factors are such that the earliest (short term) might not be the best decision to make, as the duration might not be sufficient to overcome all the issues with a clear outlay.3.3.3 Long TermThe strategic factors that the company needs to satisfy during this period are the strength of having a wide range of products. They must be able to continue to maintain many products varieties and build on them efficiently. Using R & D ( investigate and Development) to overcome the problem of pasteurization as well as satisfying growing global demand is not an easy task and hence requires time and efficiency to bear the needs globally. cash in ones chips but not least is overcoming the threat of competitors in the long run.4.0 SWO T Analysis4.1 StrengthsDemand write Absolutely optimistic. Milk being a necessity product, thedemand will stay and the sales at GCMMF are bound to increase over a period of time. Margins Quite reasonable, even on jam-packed liquid milk. The margins are enough Flexibility of product mix Tremendous. With balancing equipment, GCMMF Availability of raw material Abundant. Presently, more than 80 per cent of to limit the entry of potential entrants.has kept adding a wide set out of products to its product line. milk produced is flowing into the unorganized sector, which requires proper channelization. Amul & GCMMF have leveraged this and has got itself a strong base of suppliers who provide them milk throughout the year. Large number of dairy make ups in public and cooperative sectors besides several others coming up in the private sector would result in competition. Because of this the end consumer would benefit and a good product mix would emerge. Technical manpower overlordly train ed, technical human resource pool,reinforced over last 30 years is the strength that GCMMF has. The employees of GCCMF are highly recognized in the industry and have earned name for themselves as well as the confederation. Enhanced milk production change magnitude in the milk production with consequentlyincreased availability of milk processing has led to increase in consumption and faster access to the consumers through effective distribution. The technology is brought from Denmark and the production of milk has benefited from that. Transportation The transportation facilities and the easy availability of thespecial trucks have provided a boost. Cold refrigerated trucks are there in place and the warehouses also have the iciness storage facilities that facilitate the transportation. Vast resources Country has vast natural resources which offer immensepotential growth and development for dairying. Moreover the financial resources available with the federation are immense and the reputation is such that in case of any further unavoidablenesss, it can approach any institution and raise any form of capital.Increasing purchase power and changing tastes of the consumers The acquire power of the residents is increasing. As a result a lot of products are being consumed. Moreover, the consuming habits are changing. Asa result, the demand for products such as butter and cheese is increasing at a very rapid rate.4.2 WeaknessesPerishability Pasteurization has overcome this weakness partially. UHT givesmilk long life. Still perishability is there at the milk vendors end. This does result in loss of some production. But Amul Dairy is taking steps to store milk at the vendors end. Surely, many new processes will follow to improve milk quality and extend its shelf life. Lack of control over yield Theoretically, there is little control over milk yield.A lot depends upon the monsoon in the country. This is because of the quality of cattle feed that would be available will not have the required nutritional content. Steps are taken to provide awareness regarding these and the penetration of quality feed is being increased. Moreover, increased awareness of developments like embryo transplant, artificial insemination and decent managed animal husbandry practices, coupled with higher income to rural milk producers should automatically lead to improvement in milk yields. Logistics of procurement Woes of bad roads and inadequate transportationfacility make milk procurement problematic. All these factors lead to perishability of the procured milk. But with the overall economic improvement in India, these problems would also get solved. grotesque power supply The erratic power supply would cause harm in the Underdeveloped systems There still exist underdeveloped raw milk collectionprocessing of milk.systems in some split of the country. However steps are being taken such as setting up of cold storage points at key collection centers to combat the situation . Lack of proper implementation Dairy development programmes have notbeen fully implemented as per the needs of the region in different agro-climatic zones.Infrastructure The infrastructure that is available is not up to the current world Also lack of infrastructure for offering dairy business managementstandards.programmes to the trained personnel is creating a hindrance.4.3 OpportunitiesFailure is never final, and success never ending. Dr Kurien bears out this statement perfectly. He entered the industry when there were only threats. He met failure headon, and at a time he clearly is an example of never ending success. If dairy entrepreneurs are looking for opportunities in India, the following areas must be tapped Competition With so many newcomers entering this industry, competition isbecoming tougher day by day. But then competition has to be faced as a ground reality. The market is large enough for many to carve out their niche. Moreover due to competition, there is a take c hances to better serve the market with innovative products. Value addition There is a phenomenal scope for innovations in productdevelopment, packaging and presentation. Given below are potential areas of value addition oSteps should be taken to introduce value-added products like shrikhand, ice creams, paneer, khoa, flavored milk, dairy sweets, etc. This will lead to a greater presence and flexibility in the market place along with opportunities in the sphere of influence of brand building.Addition of cultured products like yoghurt and cheese lend further strength two in terms of utilization of resources and presence in the market place.Yet another aspect can be the addition of infant foods, geriatric foods and nutritional.Export potential Efforts to exploit export potential are already on. Amul isexporting to Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nigeria, and the Middle East. Following the new GATT treaty, opportunities will increase tremendously for the export of agri-products in general and dairy products in particular. There is a strong basis of cost efficiency, which GCMMF can leverage in the world market. Markets The market for the traditional as wells as processed dairy products isexpanding both at the domestic and international front.IT support Software is now available for project formulation for dairyenterprise. It has also computerized its production processes. Mother Dairy was the first fully computerized dairy in India. In its Anand plant all products are processed computerized, which does not have any hand touch during any pegleg of process.4.4 ThreatsMilk vendors, the un-organized sector Today milk vendors are occupyingthe pride of place in the industry. Organized public moving-picture show of information about the harm that they are doing to producers and consumers should see a steady decline in their importance. pestis There are increasing incidents of chemical contaminants as well as Quality The quality of the milk is found to be poor as compared to theresidual antibiotics in milk.international standards. One of the reasons for these according to the EU and America is the method of milching the milk. In these nations the milk is hands by the farmers owning the cattle do milched with the help of machines, while in India. Exploitation The liberalization of the Dairy Industry is likely to be exploited bythe multinationals. They will be interested manufacturing the milk products,which yield high profits. It will create milk shortage in the country adversely affecting the consumers. Subsidy by Western Nations There have been incidences wherein theWestern nations subsidizing the dairy products by a few means like transportation. Because of such reasons the final price of the product goes below the prices prevailing in the Indian Market. Hence it proves a threat to GCMMFs and other Indian dairy products. Creation of Non Tariff Barriers by Developed Nations The DevelopedNations have created Non Tariff Barriers related to Quality of th e milk specifically. They want that the milk be processed with potable Air and Water. They also want that the milching of cattle be done with the help of machines. However this type if system is yet to evolve in India. Because of these reasons they are reduce the market potential of Indian made products, where GCMMF holds a lions share.The study of this SWOT analysis shows that the strengths and opportunities far outweigh weaknesses and threats. Strengths and opportunities are fundamental and weaknesses and threats are transitory. Any investment idea can do well only when you have three essential ingredients Entrepreneurship (the ability to take risks), Innovative approach (in product lines and marketing) and Values (of quality/ethics).5.0 TOWS Analysis5.1 SO Strategies (Maxi-Maxi)Amul can use the strategies that have been formed after in-depth strategic analysis of the company and its industry. Some suggestions in this casewould be to increase productivity by utilise cost effecti ve manufacturing techniques. Also, increase demand for their products world over by first gaining more exposure to the global market. With the use of expansion strategy, it can overcome the location issue, as Amul can expand more areas and it will make the distribution of channel areas easier and convenient.5.2 ST Strategies (Maxi-Mini)Amul must put into action some of these strategic options to meet the threats using its strengths. Product differentiation is very important to differentiate Amul from the competitors, as it can tackle down the competitors product if Amul products are more outstanding and different from its competitors. Options available can be classified as product elimination and diversification strategy, value marketing strategy and also growing hygienic processing facilities. These are some of the main areas of focus under this section.5.3 WO Strategies (Mini-Maxi)The strategies formulated to overcome the weakness through opportunities are increase of opportunity through new GATT treaty, develop new process to improve the quality and shelf life of milk and milk products, this can be achieved through pasteurization, homogenization and many other processes like producing UHT milk etc. finally to also increase awareness of scientific developments.5.4 WT Strategies (Mini-Maxi)The strategies that have been formed to overcome the weakness and threats in Amul company and the dairy industry as a whole are to apply efficient and economical procurement of products. Secondly, to have control over the logistics and to maintain them efficiently. Lastly, create the right type of product positioning for the various product categories that Amul deals with.6.0 corporate and Operational Strategies6.1 Corporate schemeThe strategic factor that the company satisfies is the strength of having a wide range of products. They must be able to continue to maintain many products varieties and build on them efficiently. Using R & D to overcome the problem of pasteuri zation as well as satisfying growing global demand is not an easy task and hence requires time and efficiency to meet the needs globally. Last but not least is overcoming the threat of competitors in the long run. Recent Strategic choice of Amul consist of moving consumers from lose milk to packaged milk and gradually move them up the value chain, strong supply chain design and improving the socio-economic condition of the consumer anchors the desire to enhance lifestyle.Placing a product in that part of the market where it will receive a favorable reception compared to competing products is the most recent strategy implemented by Amul. In case of Amul it has a positioning strategy and it is The taste of India. This had created value for everyone in value chain, be it customers or the suppliers/farmers. The USP for Amul is Quality with affordability, which appeals to most of the targeted markets. Amul positioned itself with Indias first pro-biotic wellness ice cream and sugar free d elights for diabetics.This was based on good strategies of positioning which helps increase awareness and also improve brand image. They expanded their products in terms of those that can be used even by those who are restricted from consumption due to medical reasons. Amul also priced their products such that it made competitor Kwality Walls rethink their marketing/pricing strategy. This type of product positioning has proved beneficial to Amul and so they must come up with many more of such ideas and products that can help them move forward.6.2 Operational Strategy6.2.1 Marketing StrategiesGCMMF has become very popular because of its clear marketing strategy. GCMMF marketing strategy is to understand the consumer needs, develop products that provide superior value at fewer prices. GCMMF has shown a tremendous commitment to the floodwater situations. GCMMF has never stopped the supply of milk and other milk products. And distant other competitors, it has never taken wrong benefit s in these kinds of situations. It has developed an excellent distribution channel to provide its products to the consumers. It has made its products available in each part of Gujarat & India. GCMMF has an excellent distribution. It is its distribution channel, which has made it so popular. GCMMFs products like milk and milk products are perishable. It becomes that much important for them to have a good distribution. interlocutor r Retailer ConsumerFig 3 Distribution ChartThe products change hands for three quantify before it reaches to the final consumer. First of all the products are stored at the Agents end who are mere facilitators in the network. Then the products are sold to wholesale dealers who then sell to retailers and then the product finally reaches the consumers.6.2.2 pay StrategiesFinancial management is that managerial activity which is concerned with the planning and controlling of the firms financial resources. Finance is nothing to other but the money. Money is n ecessary input for economic activities. In the other wards Finance is the common denominator for carrying out vast range of corporate objectives. This is a co-operativeunit, so the finance is elevated from members by a way of share capital. In this share capital is limited. This unit has invested so many rupees in the structure of organization. Amul has a long-term finance project.6.2.2.1 Financial Details Name of Bankers1. The Kaira District primal Co-operative Bank Ltd. 2. State Bank of India 3. State Bank of Saurashtra 4. UTI Bank Ltd 5. Corporate Bank6.2.3 Human alternative StrategyThe success to any industrial unit depends upon their effective personnel department. Personnel department is fundamentally commercial with human resource of an enterprise and it also continues procurement, development, non-monetary comparison, integration and maintenance of the personnel purpose of donation towards the accomplishment of the organizations major goal and objectives. Amuls recruitme nt and selection process is very systematic and comprehensive. All division head in inform about their manpower requirements. According to the requirement of the personnel division they get require employees by resources like postal services employment commuting education institution and advertisement. Amul Dairy receives lots of coats in response to their advertisement. These forms contain general information about the candidates. Then forms are to be checked 27by authorized person and after scrutinizing divert the unqualified applications. Short listed Applicants are called for personal interview. Interview committee conducts this interview. When applicants are too many, then they conduct a written test. Those who pass this test are called for interview and are selected on the basis of sharp selection process.6.2.3.1 Sources of Recruitment By giving advertisement in news papers Labour Union Voluntary Organization Leasing Contract Private Employment Agency Government Em ployment Exchange School, Colleges, Universities and Professional Institutes Recommendation of present Employee Recruitment as Temporary Workers7.0 Future Strategies Expanding the processing and packaging capacity to meet growing demands. In a bid to pump up volumes, Amul is also extending its distribution network to reach new markets. The core strategy is to further consolidate the operations in existing markets which includes Kolkata. Also, it is beefing up the marketing and advertising strategy to sustain its leadership. The companys long term strategy also includes rifle into South India. To achieve and maintain competitive advantage, innovation in product design and delivery are increasingly essential. To innovate at each stage in value chain production, procurement, processing, marketing and branding. entranceway Dairy Demonstration Project which is a collective effort of the Union and Bank. The project envisages encouraging the farmers to use high yielding animals and modern aids to increase production.8.0 References1. Bowonder, B. Prasad, Raghu Kotla, Anup, International Journal of Services Technology & Management, 2005, ICT application in a dairy industry the eexperience of Amul. 2. Dairy Industries International, Aug2007, Amul becomes top Indian co-operative. 3. Dr. Kurien., Amul, The Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers Union Ltd. Anand, 50 Years of Milk & Health. 4. Goldberg, Ray A., Knoop, Carin-Isabel, Sunder, Srinivas Ramdas, Harvard Business School Cases, Nov 1998, Amul and Indias National Dairy Development Board. 5. Bellur, Venkatakrishna V. Singh, Saraswathi P. Chaganti, Radharao Chaganti, Rajeswararao. Long seethe Planning, December b1990, The White Revolution How Amul Brought Milk to India. 6. Manikutty, S., Asian Case Research Journal, Dec2002, Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd. (GCMMF). 7. Wheelen, Thomas L. and Hunger, David J, Concepts in strategic management and business policy, 12th edition. 8. Scholes and Whittington, Exploring Corporate Strategy, 7th edition.8.1 Web References1. www.amul.com/ 2. www.business.mapsofindia.com/sectors/manufacturing/amul.html 3. www.gcmmf.coop/ 4. www.nddb.org9.0 Appendix9.1 List of Products MarketedBread Spreads Amul Butter Amul Lite Low Fat Breadspread Amul cookery ButterCheese RangeAmul Pasteurized Processed Cheddar Cheese Amul Processed Cheese Spread Amul Pizza (Mozarella) Cheese Amul Shredded Pizza Cheese Amul Emmental Cheese Amul Gouda Cheese Amul Malai Paneer (cottage cheese), Frozen, Refrigerated and Tinned absolutely Delicious PizzaMithaee Range (Ethnic Sweets) Amul Shrikhand (Mango, Saffron, Almond Pistachio, Cardamom) Amul Amrakhand Amul Mithaee Gulabjamuns Amul Mithaee Gulabjamun Mix Amul Mithaee Kulfi Mix Avsar LadoosUHT Milk RangeAmul Shakti 3% fecund Milk Amul Taaza 1.5% deep Milk Amul Gold 4.5% fat Milk Amul Lite Slim-n-Trim Milk 0% fat milk Amul Shakti Toned Milk Amul Fresh Cream 31Amul Snowcap Softy Mix minute GheeAmul Pure Ghee Sagar Pure Ghee Amul Cow GheeAmul Infant Milk Formula 1 (0-6 months) Amul Infant Milk Formula 2 (6 months above) Amulspray Infant Milk FoodMilk Powders Amul Full Cream Milk Powder Amulya Dairy Whitener Sagar Skimmed Milk Powder Sagar Tea and Coffee WhitenerSweetened Condensed MilkAmul Mithaimate Sweetened Condensed MilkFresh MilkAmul Taaza Toned Milk 3% fat Amul Gold Full Cream Milk 6% fat Amul Shakti Standardized Milk 4.5% fat Amul Slim & Trim Double Toned Milk 1.5% fat Amul Saathi Skimmed Milk 0% fat Amul Cow MilkYogi Sweetened Flavored Dahi ( confection) Amul Masti Dahi (fresh curd) Amul Butter MilkRoyal Treat Range (Rajbhog, Cappuchino, Chocochips, Butterscotch, Tutti Frutti)Nut-o-Mania Range (Kaju Drakshi, Kesar Pista, Roasted Almond, KesarCarnival, Badshahi Badam Kulfi, Shista Pista Kulfi)Utsav Range (Anjir, Roasted Almond) Simply Delicious Range (Vanilla, Strawberry, Pineapple, Rose, Chocolate) Natures Treat (Alphanso Mango, Fresh Litchi, Anjir, Fresh Strawberry, Blac k Currant)Sundae Range (Mango, Black Currant, Chocolate, Strawberry) millenary Ice cream (Cheese with Almonds, Dates with Honey) Milk Bars (Chocobar, Mango Dolly, Raspberry Dolly, Shahi Badam Kulfi,Shahi Pista Kulfi, Mawa Malai Kulfi, Green Pista Kulfi)Cool Candies (Orange, Mango) Cassatta Tricone cone shapes (Butterscotch, Chocolate) Megabite Almond Cone Frostik 3 layer chocolate Bar Fundoo Range exclusively for kids SlimScoop Fat Free Frozen Dessert (Vanilla, Banana, Mango, Pineapple) Health IsabcoolChocolate & Confectionery Amul Milk Chocolate Amul Fruit & Nut Chocolate Brown boozingNutramul Malted Milk FoodMilk Drink Amul Kool Flavoured MilkHealth BeverageAmul Shakti White Milk FoodReady to Serve SoupsMasti Tomato Soup Masti Hot & Sour SoupRecently launchedAmul Ganthiya