Mental Illness Analysis of Film Session 9 (2001)

Mental Illness analysis of train Session 9 (2001)Erica MoghtaderSession 9 Mental Illness AnalysisDeemed as one of the major cult films of all metre, Session 9 invokes terror in the most naturalistic way possible- through abnormal psychology. In the final stage of the story, the character Mary Hobbes evil personalisedity alternate, Simon, chillingly states when asked where he lives to the psychologist I live in the weak and the wounded, Doc (Anderson, 2001). Statements such as this lead to the nonion that anyone could end up in a station with, or actually like, the main character Gordon. In this subject I will discuss the various characters moral unsoundnesses shown in Session 9 along with their symptoms, portrayal, and sermon amongst peers.This intense psychological horror film, directed by Brad Anderson, is centered on the restoration of a large mental asylum, built in 1871 and closed in 1985. Gordon Fleming (Peter Mullan), owner of an asbestos removal company, agrees to restore the twist in an impossible turnaround time of one week. Gordon hires a crew Phil (David Carusoe), Hank (Josh Lucas), Jeff (Brandon Sexton III), and Mike (Stephen Gevedon). Mike, in secret listens to nine old recorded therapy sessions that he found, which focused on patient role 444 Mary Hobbes. Each employee has personal issues that get in the way of the job, and in combination with stress, it leads to the pinnacle of the story. The video ends with all characters dead take come on Gordon, who has made patient room 444 his home. Considering the aforementioned synopsis, on that point are tether characters that portray mental illness throughout the movie.Gordon, the main character, seems disturbed from the beginning of the movie. As the scenes unfold, symptoms of schizophrenia begin to arise. In one of the rootage scenes as Gordon and Phil tour the asylum for an asbestos removal bid, Gordon has his first auditory and visual hallucination. As Gordon intently focuses on a specific room, 444, he sees a shadow move across his face while perceive Hello, Gordon (Anderson, 2001). Both kinds of hallucinations go on throughout the movie, in particular when his hallucination eggs him on to veil his wife and baby Do it, Gordon (Anderson, 2001). In the final scenes of the movie, the voice reappears repeating the same statement as he murders all the employees. Susan Nolen-Hoeksema (2011) deliberates that schizophrenic auditory hallucination such as these often have a negative quality, criticizing or threatening the respective(prenominal)s or telling them to hurt themselves or others (p. 223). Persecutory delusion forms towards the end of the movie when Gordon believes that Phil is lying about a certain phone call because he hypothecates Phil killed/hurt Hank. Catanotic excitement is in like manner displayed as Gordon runs aimlessly throughout the asylum looking for Hank, whom had been missing for days. There were several scenes that contained avolition. Ma ny multiplication Gordon sat daydreaming in the cemetery, room 444, and in front of his home. Gordon also presented a symptom of sleepwalking, or somnambulism, when he gave Hank a frontal lobotomy. Dr. Prakash Masand (1995) associated sleepwalking with schizophrenia The prevalence of somnambulism is 1 to 6 per centum in the general adult population, although a higher incidence has been reported in patients with schizophrenia, hysteria and dread neuroses. Not only did Gordon suffer from a mental illness, so did his nephew Jeff.Jeff, a young chap who necessary a job, suffered from situational phobia. In particular he suffered from nyctophobia or in laymans terms, fear of the mordant. On his first day in the asylum, the breaker flips and in turn Mike asks Jeff to go down in the basement to turn it on. Jeff directly tells him he has nyctophobia and will not go down. When he is raged to go down in the basement the first time and has to walk through a slightly dark room, he hurriedly remedies the problem. At the end of the movie in the tunnels, as the lights slowly go out putting Jeff in complete darkness, he has a severe panic attack. The DSM-5 states that Specific Phobia complaint can be diagnosed if the individual shows immediate fear, avoidance and out of proportion reaction to the phobic situation (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2011, p. 119). By the same token, patient Mary Hobbes also displays mental illness in the film.Although former, deceased patient Mary Hobbes never physically appears in Session 9, she makes quite an impression. Mary Hobbes was admitted into the asylum and diagnosed with dissociative identity disoblige. She had been traumatized by her brother Peter after he scared her causing her to fall on her porcelain doll, which in turn severely cut up her chest. At this point Simon took over Mary and killed Peter with his newfound hunting knife. In the taped sessions of Marys therapy, she does not remember anything that happened, even hysterically stating nought happened No I cant remember (Anderson, 2001). Susan Nolen-Hoeksema (2011) explains that people suffering from dissociative identity disorder usually report significant periods of amnesia when the other personalities are in control (p. 163). Mary displayed three distinct identities the Princess as the child alter, which is often associated with the development of dissociative identity disorder Billy, the protector alter, who protects the individual from trauma and Simon, the persecutor alter, who often inflicts pain or punishment (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2011, p. 162). Subsequently, the treatment amongst the mentally ill characters was different than the sane characters.Depending on the situation, characters Gordon, Jeff and Mary were stigmatized or treated with compassion, At first Phil empathizes with Gordon over his fight with his wife. Phil thence quickly takes advantage of the situation to get a bigger bonus he discusses with Mike that they should force Gordon off the project due to his behavior/health. Phil knows Gordon is not in the state of mind to handle world removed, and even says so when hes smiling to himself on the roof Its gonna get ill-favored (Anderson, 2001). Jeff is stigmatized from the moment he announced his phobia. Mike was irritated and called him names like Mullet Head. Phil completely handle Jeffs phobia, which forced him to go down into the basement to fix the breaker in the dark. Though Jeffs mistreatment did exasperate his illness, the mistreatment of Gordon by Phil led the persecutory delusions of Phil hurting Hank. Though I do not condone the mistreatment, there are several other aspects I do enjoy about Session 9.Session 9 is one of the best independent horror movies, winning best director at the Catalonian International Film Festival in 2001. Considering myself a horror buff since my early twenties, this is one of my favorites. In my opinion, movies are the scariest if they could truly happen. The realistic production and g eneral plot make this movie even scarier. As I compared the mental illnesses of the characters to factual data, I realized that the symptoms portrayed were very close to being true to form. Every time I have watched Session 9 I find different aspects to debate or admire. straight that I added abnormal psychology to my mental list, there are even more to ponderIn conclusion, various mental illnesses symptoms, portrayal, and treatment amongst peers were shown in Session 9. From Gordons schizophrenia to Marys dissociative identity disorder, to Jeffs nyctophobia, Session 9 accurately portrays the symptoms and typical mistreatment of the mentally ill. Many fans of the movie think that Mary Hobbes was possessed by Genius Loci, an ancient ideology that a spirit is attached to a place, and in turn possessed Gordon. And in all actuality, who is to say something like a Genius Loci does not exist? Maybe one day science will mesh with the supernatural, or at to the lowest degree get along wit h each other.ReferencesAnderson, B. (Director). (2001).Session 9DVD.Masand, Prakash. (1995). Sleep Walking.American Family Physician. http//www.drplace.com/Sleepwalking_-_includes_patient_notes.16.21241.htmNolen-Hoeksema, S. (2011). Abnormal psychology (6th ed.). Boston, MA McGraw-Hill.

Life And Battles Of Saigo Takamori History Essay

Life And Battles Of Saigo Takamori fib EssayThe Last Samurai The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori, written by Mark Ravina, chronicles Saigos life, from childhood that fashi unmatchedd his courage to his deliver death at the Satsuma Rebellion. In pre-industrial japan, samurai meant military nobility. This book is a biography of Saigo that explains some of the events spark advance up to the Restoration and the role the fighting of Satsuma played in the Restoration. Saigo Takamori is revered as ace of Japans most loyal and honorable samurai. Part of the figment for Saigo was the fate of his severed interrogative sentence. The other part of the novel is was he killed or did he commit suicide as an act of heroism.It is unclear what year Saigo was born. few references have 1827, while others have 1828. Regardless of the year, Saigo was born into a samurai family that was very low ranked in Kagoshima. He was born into wealth or rank. He was educated at a local level. His became very educated in Chinese classics and Zen, as well as swordsmanship. His first job was as an retainer clerk in a country office. In 1854, at the age of 26, he was selected to journey the Daimyo Shimazu Nariakira to nurture closer ties with the imperial court. This journey is where his semipolitical career began. Saigo went on many journeys with statesmen.In 1858, he was a part of the Ansei purge and fled with a priest. The preist and Saigo made a suicide pact. Saigo backed out of the pact, only later the priest had already committed to his destruction of the deal by drowning himself. Saigo survived the journey but was later exiled to Amami Oshima Is destroys. In 1862, he returned to political life, but was forced into exile once again. He was brought out of exile in 1864. He was called back to the main island to train a group of Satsuma warriors. Saigo was to help his lord labor for the restoration of the emperor. Saigo became one of the main leaders of the new Japan. In 1868 , Saigo and his troops led a come down to destroy and create a powerful new state. He became the leader in Meijis new judicature. Saigo was without delay an active member of the Meiji government. Although Saigo supported many of the Western-style reforms, he was torn by the sense that he was betraying his supporters. It was a desire for Saigo to die in service to his emperor. Saigo showed great loyalty to the emperor and his followers.Unsure about the government he had helped to create, Saigo wanted to end his career with one last movement. In 1873, Saigo wanted to go to Korea and pack the Korean king recognize the Meiji emperor. He had each intention to draw his sword if he had to. Saigo never was able to move forward with his plan to have the Nipponese emperor recognized. His plan was dismissed and treat as reckless. He was denied his chance to show his loyalty and courage to the emperor. He resigned from the government and returned to Satsuma, his native land Satsuma. Saig o opened up military like academy for the former samurai warriors. He trained the men in frugality, honesty, and courage. This group resented the red-brickization of Japan more so than Saigo. Saigo feared the im ad hominem, commercial and centralized nation would destroy samurai traditions of personal honor, regional loyalty, and social service.Japan in the 1870s was going through many changes of industrialization and social and political changes. This process is also known as modernization. Many people had negative views on Japan and its culture. In 1876, westerners considered the Japanese to be uncivilized people. They thought that Japan was inferior to Caucasians in culture, intelligence, and culture. Japan even nonrecreational some Westerners very well to sit on government seats. Often this visits were short lived. The views that outsiders had on lofty Japan are one reason that Japan sought to do away traditions of the samurai. Every cyclorama of traditional Japan and been t hrown to the side. Japan had begun to westernize itself not to be confused with Americanize. Saigo felt as if the traditions of the past would die out. The very hurried and colossal changes to Japanese culture, dress, and society appeared to many samurai to be a treachery. In 1876, the Meiji government stripped samurais of their swords. In defining how a modern Japan should be, members of the Meiji government unconquerable to follow the footsteps of United Kingdom and Germany, basing the country on the concept of noblesse oblige. Samurai were not to be a political force under the new order.Saigos followers and students rose in rebellion. They had a mission to allow their voice be heard with their swords. The students made Saigo their leader of this uprising. Old Japan and new Japan met in battle in 1877. Early in the uprising, the rebels seized several local armories. Many of the rebels officers were trained in modern methods. The fight initially lasted from February to September. The imperial army began its final attack around four in the dawning in September. By 530 A.M., the imperial army had destroyed all the fortifications of the rebels. At nearly seven in the morning, Saigo and his troops descended from the hill to face the Japanese army. They knew they were outnumbered. They knew they would die. Saigo died from a bullet wound, but legend has it that he died by his own sword. This was a great samurai tradition to die with honor at the end of ones life. This tradition is known as seppuku, a samurai suicide ritual. An autopsy of Saigo later revealed that he was only snap bean in the hip and would have been in too much pain to commit suicide.The imperial governments mastery was short lived. They had Saigos body, but his head was missing. His head was but off with one clean slice. If the government was futile to provide a head, then the victory is incomplete. In looking for Saigos head, the imperial army was honoring one of the oldest traditions. It i s said that severed heads were to be presented and were a celebrated part of Japanese warfare. These heads were often a tribute to the lords. No one is sure exactly what happened to Saigos head immediately following his death. Some say Saigos manservant hid the head. The head was later placed with Saigos body after a government official found it. One juiceless part of searching for Saigos head is that the imperial army was honoring a tradition that was officially banished by the emperor. The new Japanese army was to be based on modern nationalism, not feudal loyalty. So in a sense, the death of Saigo brought forth some old traditions that had been banished in early years.It is said that this rebellion, the state of war of the Southwest, was the bloodiest battle that Japan had ever seen. Saigos forces were defeated. Old Japan was defeated. Over 12,000 men on both sides were killed. This battle also nearly bankrupted the new imperial government. Financially, devastating the Satsuma Rebellion cost the government significantly, forcing Japan off the gold standard and triggering the government to print paper currency. The imperial army had to use every resource available, including shipping lines, rail transport, police forces, and volunteers. The Imperial Japanese Armies were drafted, but many samurai volunteered to be soldiers and many advanced to be trained as officers. Much of the Imperial Army officer class was of samurai offset and they were highly motivated, disciplined and exceptionally trained. The rebellion was also successfully the close of the samurai class. After this war in 1877, there were no more samurai uprisings in Japan.Twelve years after Saigos death, the imperial government, denounced Saigo as a rebel and a traitor. In 1889, the government exonerated Saigo of all his crimes, and restored him to his imperial court rank. Saigo is still a legacy today in popular culture. A modern movie that is loosely based on the history of Saigo was produced . Many people still find his actions heroic none the less. Saigo was a samurai warrior who lived and died to protect the traditions he was so fond of preserving. In life and death, Saigo exemplified all that was labeled as being admirable in the samurai. This book written by Mark Ravina gives one last look at the final eld of feudal government and the exciting career of Saigo. He gave his life to keep the samurai traditions at the forefront of the Japanese government. His efforts and loyalty have had a lasting impact on Japan and the interpretations of the samurai way and tradition.

Employee Relations Analysis of UK Airline

Employee Relations Analysis of UK airline2.2.1 An overview of employee dealingsEmployee dealing is a term which is now frequently use of goods and servicesd but very ambiguously outlined. It is usually regarded as the commutation of industrial traffic. Although many an(prenominal) professional bodies such as CIPD (Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development), and many of the recent textbook conditions such as Blyton and Turnbull (1998), Farnham (2000), Gennard and Judge (1999), and Hollinshead et al. (2003) considered that there ar still both(prenominal) differences amid employee transaction and industrial relations in context and fury, it seems that the term employee relations is still indistinguishable from industrial relations in their articles and books ( move, 2008).Industrial relations issues actually turned up since the Industrial Revolution in the UK. However, it did not appear as a recognized field of study and area of vocational practice in labor until w ell-nigh 1920, appearing scratch line in the United States (Kaufman, 2004). In the United Kingdom, where the birthplace of industrial relations, it did not became a academic question shadeject until a decade later and did not get a master(prenominal)stream position until after the Second World War. This disparate pattern of the term in the US and UK was caused by several factors, such as their distinguishable university systems, different management and aim interchange status, etc (Kaufman, 2004).Kaufman (2004) outlined the stigmatize war consummation until the end of 1970s as the golden age of industrial relations, when the term gained acclivity academic visibility and compound its influence on national labour indemnity. After the golden age, a cold climate period emerged, which can excessively be recognized as the beginning of the transposition from industrial relations to employee relations.The shift was resulted in by several influences. Since the early 1980s, a n obvious decline in trade union recognition arose at workplace (Salamon, 2000).Kessler and Bayliss (1998) summarized three major factors that resulted in these new de sortures.The showtime factor was the political environment of this period. During the period of the Conservative government (from 1979 to 1997), a series of steps were interpreted to limit the scope of trade union activeness, set new rules for trade union operations and enhance the grapheme of management, because the government treated trade unions as an institutional impediment, which are harmful or at least unnecessary, to the operation of free markets (Legge, 1995). The marginalization of trade unions enhance the power of employers and gave them to a greater extent flexibility to take on with employees more than than carryly, so that they could achieve the business closings establish on their own value systems without the hindrance of respectable joint bargain from unions (Hollinshead et al., 2003).The se cond factor was economic changes. With the development of economic globalization, competition became fiercer in both(prenominal)(prenominal) the product market and the labour market. The decrease in manufacturing exertion leaded to the high levels of un trading. In addition, the corking post war recessions were another reason, which raised unemployment dramatically.The third was change in management policies. As a result of fiercer product market competition, system of ruless began to realize that only hold the technology advantage is no colossal enough to oppose their competitive advantage. Employers sought to achieve higher(prenominal)(prenominal) level of employees productivity than the past to modify the organizational mathematical process. In addition, non-unionism not only changed the balance of bargaining power in the midst of employees and employers, but also soulistic issue within employee relations, although this result is not the object of Conservative legisla tion.Besides these factors mentioned preceding(prenominal), Hollinshead et al. (2003) additionally insisted the social-demographic factors, which restore to higher education levels, woke life balance, and the increase number of women and part timer in labour market, and technological systemal factors, which refer to flexible on the job(p) time, knowledge workers and computerisation of routine jobs.Because of those different situations, the professional party and textbook authors mentioned above tried to define the new boundary for the term employee relations so that it can be august from the traditionalistic industrial relations.Based on a series of interviews and surveys with kind-hearted mental imagery practitioners and employee relations managers, CIPD defined employee relations to be a more comprehensive employment descent than the traditional industrial relations. As CIPD indicated, employee relations emphasizes more particularly on direct communication, managing orga nisational change and involving and motivating staff, while industrial relations is a narrower conception which still refer to the relationship mingled with employers and corporate employees (CIPD, 2005).However, the definition made by CIPD just reflected the perspective of employers. Gennard and Judge (1999) argued that comparing with the CIPDs perspective, the academic discussions require the plurality of perspective on issues and themes. Therefore, they defined employee relations as a study of managing employees both as individuals and as a collective group, with the precedency given to the individual as opposed to the collective relationship varying between companies depending on the value of their management. (Gennard and Judge, 1999)They emphasized the importance of acquiring employee relations knowledge and skills in unionised environments as well as non-union environment. In addition, they also treaded the relative balance of bargaining power between the buyers and selle rs of labour services as one of the just about important employee relations concepts. Similarly, Farnham (2000) also insisted that the essence of employee relations is paid employment or the throw work bargain between employers and employees.As Farnham, Gennard and Judge all emphasized upon individual aspects of the employment relationship more than collective aspects, Blyton and Turnbull (1999) considered that industrial relations was included in employee relations. They summarized that the particular industrial relations is only about trade unions and strikes. On the other hand, they viewed that employee relations is not only about the collective relationships, but also about the relationship between individual employees and employers. However, the collective aspects of relationship between employees and employers are still their strain point in the field.No take how many differences these party and authors summarized between industrial relations and employee relations, there is still no real distinction between these two terms. As Rose summarized (2008), employee relations become more mainstream than industrial relations may be just because it is considered as a more acceptable term than industrial relations as it averts the negative on a overturn floormeaning associated with industrial relations. the likes of Edwards argued in 1995In order to survive, industrial relations implys to change its rivet to employment relations, examining not just institutions but how the employment relationship operates in practice, and exploring the outcomes for efficiency and equity.To sum up, employee relations is the outcome of changing modern industrial relations influenced by many external factors such as economic environment, development of technology, political steps, etc. It refers to not only the collective aspects of relations between workforce and management, but also the individual aspects of the relationship.2.2.2 The importance of employee relations t o airline industryBelobaba et al. (2009) indicate that the employee relations is particularly important in the airline industry.First of all, the fundamental reason for the significant position of employee relations in the airline industry is its service-intensive nature. Airline industry is labour intensive industry therefore its proportion of labour be to total be is very high.Figure 2.1 European airline labour and fuel approach shares (%) of total operation be 2001 to 2008 quotation ITAT (Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation, 2010)Although the search made by ITAT indicates a slight decrease of labour cost from 2003 to 2008, it still in a large share of total operating costs. According to Rodrigue et al (2009), the section of labour cost in the operating costs of the airline industry in the world was approximately 35%, which illuminated about 75% of all non-fixed costs.Figure 2.2 Operating Expenses of the Airline Industry (2004)Source ATA Annual Report 2005 (Rodrigue et al, 2009 )Second, with the high level of union representation in this industry, employees can prompt the performance level of airlines significantly. Those effects can be positive and also negative. For example, in adversarial employee relations environment, no matter achieve agreement or not in collective bargaining, it will result in higher costs and less operating flexibility (Gittell et al., 2004) for companies. If collective agreement can be achieved, higher takings should be paid for employees and companies layoff plan may be restricted to improve employment security of employees. If collective agreement cannot be achieved, additional costs might be leaved to companies through collective broil such as strikes, go-slows, etc. On the other hand, employees also play important roles in adding value for companies. They can reduce companies unit costs through their coordinated and committed efforts and their productivity-enhancing ideas (Gittell et al., 2004). In addition, they can fork out high quality service to customers which can be seen as a competitive advantage in contemporary airline industry.Therefore, the status of employee relations within airlines can significantly affect their costs, their financial performance, and the exploit of their business goals.2.2.3 New perspective of employee relations within contemporary airlines in the UKIn the UK, airline industry has a tradition of adversarial employment relations (Marchington et al., 2004). Most airlines within UK accept the make itence of trade unions however, largely baffle bad relationships with them. Layoffs and wages cut are usually the first strategy used to modify financial performance and avoiding crisis during an economic recession (Rodrigue et al, 2009).However, reducing labour costs is not the only bureau to get competitive advantage and achieve better financial performance.According to Legge (1995), employee relations actually do not need to be so adversarial even in labour intensive i ndustries. She argued that even companies submit to be more competitive on costs, they can still achieve this aim by increase the productivity of their capital assets rather than by reducing labour costs. Similarity, Batt (2000) considered that comparing with reducing labour costs, put in better employee relations could gain a greater return.Hence, like Gittell and Bamber (2010) summarized, although reducing labour costs are the focus of an service sector companys competitive strategy, their costs can be cut batch not only by cutting wages and benefits, but also by increasing labour productivity.Management sort in employee relationsDifferent authors summarized different types of management appearances in employee relations under different systematization.2.3.1 The one(a) possibleness and the pluralist theoryFox (1966) identified unitary perspective and pluralist perspective ground on different general go through and direction of labour.There are three main differences betw een these two perspectives1. Management acceptance and recognition of trade unions2. Views about managerial prerogatives and employee participation3. The perceived authenticity of, and reactions to, conflict at work. (Blyton and Turnbull, 1998)Hollinshead et al (2003) indicated that unitary perspective of employee relations essentially treats employee relations as a harmonious relationship between employers and employees. The unitary perspective emphasize that there is a commonplace goal between employees and employer. This common goal can avoid the potential source of conflict and hold employees and employer unitedly to strive for their common objectives.Because of the harmonious relationship within a unitary employee relations environment, there is no need for a third party on behalf of either employees or employers to participate in bargaining process (Hollinshead et al, 2003). Therefore, trade unions are not necessary for both employers and employees. In other words, the labo ur market is depicted as a natural structure composed of an omnipotent management backed up by the state and of labour dependent on those two parties for its well- universe (Gospel, 1992).However, the high level of consensus between employees and employers not forever and a day exists, even it does, it is hard to be maintained. The assumption is not reasonable in intimately application. Employees may accept a series of organizational objectives at the very beginning, but it is unlikely to maintain the long-term cooperation of a workforce (Hollinshead et al, 2003).The failure of the assumption reflects some weaknesses of the unitary theory that is summarized by Hollinshead et al (2003). First, it ignores the existence of differing interests between employees and employers. Second, conflict between employees and employer were considered as deviance (Palmer, 1983). The only way to deal with the conflict is dismissal or the law. Third, with more developed management techniques, many p ractitioners indicate that ignoring employees interests could result in more intense conflict.Although the unitary perspective can be seen as the earliest theory used to secernate employee relations, it refers to many contemporary management ideas related to corporate culture and human resource management (Farnham and Pimlott, 1995). Hence, many employers nowadays still adopt this perspective as good business sense.Comparing with unitary theory, pluralist theory is a perspective that can more accurately reflect the employee relations within larger and more complex employment environment. The pluralist theory admit that there is a limited level of conflicting interests between employees and employers, so that all parties within organization need to work together to achieve a consensus (Hollinshead et al, 2003).Like Trades Union Congress (TUC, the umbrella organisation of the trade union movement) described in a policy document published in 1997The theme of this statement is partners hip, a recognition that trade unions must not be seen as part of Britains problems. At the workplace social partnership means employers and trade unions working together to achieve common goals such as fairness and competitiveness it is recognition that, although they have different constituencies it is a recognition that although they have different interests, they can serve these best by making common cause wherever possible. (TUC, 1997)The implication of using this analysis was, unlike unitary theory, which it drew from accounts based upon a political heritage in democratic theory that portrayed decision making as a process of reconciling the different claims made by a variety of competing groups. In other words, it acknowledged the existence of a variety of competing interest groups, but in addition it accepted this variety as legitimated and normal. The existence of conflict was allowed for, and to an extent encouraged.What the theory appears to offer is an account of the natu re of industrial relations which achieves greater realism by reflecting the political realities of the situation at that time. This is hardly surprising when the details of that historical period are considered, along with the level of trade union activity and the incidence of industrial disputes in grounds at that time. Conflict was very much the norm (Bassett, 1987).Once again, the theory also established based on a series of assumptions that are hardly recognized in practice.2.3.2 The individualism and the collectivismPurcell (1987) considered that although Foxs unitary and pluralist theory had a major influence in the beginning of management style issue, the conceptions actually had a lot of limitations in practice.First, both unitary frame and pluralist frame have a number of variations. For example, both organizations those are essentially exploitive of labour and organizations those value the loyalty and dedication of employees are contained within the unitary frame, howeve r, their management style are almost extremes. Similarly, organizations within pluralist frame also need to be sub divided through different kinds of variations.In addition, because of their mutually exclusive feature, these two perspectives seem do not useful as a framework of management style in employee relations.Third, it is oft unclear in the way the terms have been used subsequently whether they related to managements beliefs and policies toward trade unions or, in addition, cover direct relations with employees.Therefore, he identified individualism and collectivism as two dimensions of management style of employee relations. individuation dimension refers to the extent to which the warm gives credence to the feelings and sentiments of each employee and seeks to develop and encourage each employees capacity and role at work. Firms which have individualistically centred policies are thus expected to emphasize employees as a resource and be byplayed with developing and nur turing each persons talents and worth.Payment systems might emphasize merit elements and pull out use of appraisal and assessment techniques digited to distinguish the contribution of each employee in anything from attitudes to attributes, as one firm puts it, The line managers role in managing people is likely to be emphasized, irrespective of whether the manager is in a work, sales, finance or a personnel position. Attitude surveys may well be used regularly since such organizations are keen to assess the efficacy of their policies. Communication systems are likely to be capacious and developed through a variety of media from newspapers and videos to the personal contact between the managers, the individual and small groups of employees. communism is the second dimension of management style that concerns the extent to which the organization recognizes the right of employees to have a cite in those aspects of management decision-making which concern them.There are a number of ways to distinguish it from the first one. wizard possibility is to use a test of trade union recognition for the determination of pay and conditions through collective bargaining. However, this is not of itself sufficient since in so doing we make assumptions about the nature of the relationship between the firm and the union and exclude organizations where employees participate in decision-making through non-union structures. A focus on industrial democracy might be more helpful since it would allow for a variety of methods by which managers become to a greater or lesser extent accountable for their actions to employees, and where staff have some say in decision making. The only problem is that there is no agreed definition of industrial democracy.Purcell and Grays category of management styleThe category developed by Purcell and Gray in 1986 is one of the most popular typologies of management style (Torrington et al, 2008). Comparing with the typologies mentioned above, it is more comprehensive.Purcell and Gray (1986) defined five types of management styles in employee relations, which are traditional style, Sophisticated human relations style, consultative style, constitutional style, and standard modern style.The traditional style considers labour as a factor of production and employee subordination is assumed to be part of the natural order of the employment relationship. Usually, trade unions are not accepted in this style. This style is in the main adopted by small owner managed companies. In addition, the product market often highly competitive, emphasis on cost control. Grunwick processing laboratories Ltd, Port of Tilbury are normal subject field adopting this management style.The sophisticated human relations style view employees as the companys most valuable resource. Comparing with the other companies in the alike industry, this kind of company usually par employees more above average pay. The aim is to inculcate employee loyalty, freig ht and dependency. Companies choose this management style seek to make it unnecessary or unattractive for staff to unionise. This style is usually adopted by large, American own, single industry, financially successful organizations with a high market share in growth industries. IBM and Marks Spencer are typical eccentrics adopting this management style.The consultative style is mistakable to the sophisticated human relations companies except that unions are recognize. An attempt is made to build constructive relationships with the trade unions and incorporate them into the organizational fabric. Emphasis is also placed on techniques designed to enhance individual employee commitment to the firm and the need to change. This style is often adopted by British or Japanese owned single industry companies that are large and economically successful, often with a high market share. Companies with comparatively low labour costs often adopt this style. Esso and Cadbury Schweppes are t ypical cases adopting this management style.The Constitutional style have been recognised for some time and accepted as inevitable. Employee relations policies centre on the need for stability, control and the institutionalisation of conflict. Management prerogatives are defended through highly specific collective agreements. The importance of management control is emphasised with the aim of minimising or neutralising union constraints on both operational (line) and strategic (corporate) management. This style is often adopted by single industry companies with mass production or large batch production requiring a large unit size of operation. Labour costs form in these companies indicates a significant proportion of total costs. The product market conditions are often highly competitive. Ford is a typical case adopting this management style.The standard modern style refers to pragmatic employee relations and trade unions are recognised within organizations. Employee relations are vi ewed as the responsibility of operational management. The importance attached to employee relation policies changes in the light of circumstances. There can be marked differences of approach between establishments or divisions and between conglomerate levels of the hierarchy. This style is often adopted by conglomerate, multiproduct companies that have grown through acquisition and diversification, peculiarly in the engineering and heavy manufacturing industries with long traditions of unionisation. General Electrical Co., and British airways are typical cases adopting this management style.2.4 Employee participation2.4.1 The importance and necessity of employee involvementIt is quite possible to run a successful business without involving employees in management activities to any meaningful extent, but the chances of sustained success are higher when employees are touch on (Torrington et al, 2008). Objectives are more effectively and efficiently achieved if employees have some say in decision making, especially as it affects their own areas of work.Torrington and his colleagues summarized two main reasons for this phenomenon.On one hand, managers may be paid more than their staff, but that does not mean that they always know best. There is no fount of wisdom exclusive only to managers. Ultimately it is for managers to make decisions and to be held accountable, and these can be tough to make. But the chances that they will make the right decision are enhanced if they listen to the views of others and allow their own ideas to be subjected to a head of scrutiny and constructive criticism. Moreover, involvement allows managers to tap into the ideas and suggestions of staff. The best new ideas often originate from people lower down organizational hierarchies, because they are closest to the operational coalface and often to customers.On the other hand, employees like being involved. They appreciate having their opinions listened to and acted upon, particular ly in matters that directly concern their day to day activities. The chances of their being positively commodious with their work are thus greatly improved if they are genuinely able to be involved. The dislodge on effects include lower staff turnover, lower levels of absence, the ability to attract more recruits and higher levels of performance. The effective management of change is especially enhanced by employee involvement because people are always happier to support what they helped to create.Types of employee involvement practicesHyman and Mason (1995) identify four categories of employee involvement downwardly communication to individual employeesDownward communication to groups of employeesUpward communication to individual employeesUpward communication to groups of employeesDownward communication from managers to employees is used to say and educate employees so that they are more likely to endorse management initiatives and plans.Chapter three RESEARCH methodologyIn troductionBased on Morse and Fields (1995) framework from the health sciences, Creswell et al (2007) summarized five main approaches used in qualitative enquiry, which are narrative research, case study research, grounded theory, phenomenology research and participatory action research.In this dissertation, case study research methodology is used to explain how employee relations can affect the business performance of legacy airlines.background and definitionAlthough some (Stake, 2005) stated that case study research is not a methodology but only a choice of the object of study, more experts considered it as a methodology, a comprehensive research strategy, and a type of design in qualitative research (Merrian,1998 Yin, 2003 Creswell et al, 2007).According to Yin (2003), a case study is an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context, especially when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident. Therefore, he (20 03) indicated that the case study inquiry is principally used to deal with the technically characteristic situation in which there will be many more variables of interest than selective information points, and as one result relies on multiple sources of evidence, with selective information needing to touch in a triangulating fashion, and as another result benefits from the prior development of theoretical propositions to guide entropy line of battle and analysis. Likewise, Creswell et al (2007) summarized that case study research isa qualitative approach in which the investigator explores a bounded system (a case) or multiple bounded systems (cases) over time through detailed, in-depth selective information collection involving multiple sources of information (e.g., observations, interviews, audiovisual material, and documents and reports) and reports a case description and case-based themes.3.3 Variants of case study researchQualitative case studies may be distinguished by the intent of case analysis. Three variations that exist in terms of the intent- the single instrumental case study, the collective or multiple-case study and the intrinsic case study (Creswell et al, 2007). In a single case-study the focus is on one issue or concern and a bounded case is selected to illustrate this issue (Stake, 1995). In a collective or multiple-case study, the focus is one issue but multiple cases are selected to illustrate this issue. Multiple case design uses the logic of replication as the procedures a re replicated for each case (Yin, 2003). Qualitative researchers are reluctant to reason from one case to another as the contexts of the cases differ. However, to generalize, representative cases should be selected (Creswell et al, 2007). In an intrinsic case study, the focus is on the case itself e.g. studying a student having a difficulty (Stake, 1995).This paper examines the nature of employee relations (issue or concern) taking the example of an organization- British Airways PLC (case). Therefore it is a single instrumental case study. It explains how theories of employee relations have been applied in practice.3.4 Case study techniquesMany researchers such as Simons (1980), Yin (1984) and Stake (1995) have scripted about case study research and suggested techniques for conducting this research. They proposed the quest steps- determine the research question, select the case and determine data gathering and analysis techniques, preparation and collection of data in the field, evaluate and test the data and prepare the report. I have followed these steps during my research.3.3.1 Determining the research questionTo arrive at the research question a research focus has to be established along with a research object. In this research, the main focus is on managing employee relations in organizations. The research object can be a program, entity, a person or a group of person (Soy, 1997). Here, the research object is an organization (entity). In this study, I am primarily interested in determining how employee relations is dealt with in organizations. First, I have conducted a literature review that provides information on employee relations and helps to define the following questionsThe employee relations status in British Airways, andHow to deal with poor employee relations?3.3.2 Select the case and determine data gathering and analysis techniquesThere are a number of organizations in the UK suffering from poor employee relations. One of these is the British Airways PLC (Grugulis and Wilkinson, 2002). British Airways is now getting bogged down in collective disputes from its employees.Foreman (1948) suggested three wide-cut categories of data gathering techniques.First, personal documents includes all record yielding information concerning the pattern or operate of the researchers own personal or social life. It may reflect a social situation to which the author is responsive to or his/her own behaviour (Foreman, 194 8).Second, participation observation records includes all chronicles prepared by the analysts following assumption for purpose of investigation of member roles in the unit studied (Foreman, 1948).Third, person reports includes all forms written by persons not directly participating in or identified with, but seeking to channelise or to interpret the experiences or history of some personal, group, class, ecological, or cultural unit (Foreman, 1948)3.3.3 Preparation and collection of DataA case study research requires large amount of data from multiple sources. self-opinionated organization of data is important to counteract the researcher from becoming overwhelmed by the amount of data and to prevent the researcher from losing sight of the original research purpose and questions (Soy, 1997). Databases have to be prepared to assist with categorizing, sorting, storing, and retrieving data for analysis.It is essential to note down key problems and events, identify key people and revi se the research design to address and add to the original set of res

The Mozart Effect: Concept Overview and Analysis

The Mozart force Concept Overview and AnalysisThe Mozart EffectBeth Boardley defraudThe Mozart Effect is said to occur when individuals listen to the twain piano sonata. It is hypothesized that by comprehend to this ensemble that individuals will return information more easily. ii studies were deportmented relating to the Mozart Effect. The scratch instruct consociates to spacial skill performance and how we use the homogeneous neural pathways to process this as we do medical specialty, the reciprocal ohm psychoanalyse was conducted to gainsay the archetypical get a line. The second ingests argument was that any unison that is appreciated tolerate cause the very(prenominal) memory instal. In the second information they conducted one experiment in which they undetermined unborn mice to Mozarts piano sonata K448 and then as well conducted a study to see how Mozarts piano sonata K448 affected patients who suffered from epilepsy. The conclusions were that Mozart s piano sonata K448 did start a positivist effect on both animals and humans. In this paper we will question the parts of the first study including the hypothesis, versatiles, exhibit, and explanations the interrogationers use. We will also examine the deserve and generaliz force of the second study.Music and Spatial delegate PerformanceBy conducting research and doing experiments we can gain reli satis calculatey answers to the millions of questions we have. There ar many disparate types of research that can be conducted. Researchers choose the type of research and experiments to conduct found on the hypothesis, and the resources available to them. This purpose to this paper is to examine the study of the Mozart effect in coincidence to two obliges, Music and Spatial Task Performance written by Rauscher, Shaw Ky in 1993, and The Mozart Effect written by Jenkins in 2011, and to answer specific questions based on their research.Fundamentally the Mozart Effect is a stud y that examines whether or not practice of medicine helps individuals complete tasks better. The first article in question is Music and Spatial Task Performance. This article was written by Rauscher, Shaw Ky in 1993. They strove to prove that at that place was a causal relationship between cognition and cognitions pertaining to abstract operations much(prenominal) as mathematical or spatial reasoning (Rauscher et al., 1993). They hypothesized that scans of the brain and its neural pathways would video display that the in interpret and processing of melody and our spatial energy would use the said(prenominal) pathways. They also hypothesized that theses paths cover large portions of the same areas of the brain.To better understand these articles it is valuable to understand what spatial task performance is. Spatial cogency is the skill to understand and remember the spatial relations among objects (Jhu.edu, n.d.). In different haggle it is the cleverness to visualize in ones mind. This ability is not static as it develops throughout ones life. In relation to application, spatial ability is related to a persons ability to perform at a minimum of two tasks at the same time. An example of a spatial skill would be walking and trickle a ball. Many occupations require prominent spatial ability such(prenominal) as mathematics, meteorology, natural sciences, engineering, and architecture, among many others.Many of these jobs require research. Conducting research also requires spatial ability. There are many components to conducting research. Two of the roughly fundamental components are the independent and dependent variables. An independent variable is a variable that stands alone and has no changes made to it. The independent variables in this study are Mozarts sonata, the college students, and the leash-year-olds (Rauscher et al., 1993). A dependent variable is a variable that depends on other factors and changes. In the Rauscher et al., study the dependent variable was the memory.Another component of a research study is the controlled variables. A controlled variable is a variable in which the researcher wants to remain constant. The controlled variables in the Rauscher et al., 1993 study consist of Mozarts sonata, the college students, and the three-year-olds. The music was a necessary controlled variable because the study was music based. The time ranges of the participants was essential to control because they wanted to find out how memory was affected in children and in adults. They wanted to see who would remember the information the longest.Rauscher et al., 2013, presented data from two studies. They proved that the college students had better short term memory as a result of listen to Mozarts sonata. They also showed that the three year olds had advancements, specially in nonverbal cognitive ability, as a result of auditory modality to Mozarts sonata too. The evidence from this study was empirical and valid. The researchers explained that infants have the maximum ability relating to developing nonverbal cognitive skills as well as memorization. It has been shown that as we increase in age we lose memory recall and effectuation skills with the decrease in brain elasticity. This also makes it harder for adults to retain new information. The evidence presented in the article justified their explanation and proved that music and spatial ability travels among the same pathways in the brain.The Mozart EffectIn 2001 another researcher Jenkins analyzed the work and studies conducted by Rauscher et al., 1993 in relation to the Mozart effect. Jenkins used the impression of enjoyment arousal as an explanation to the Mozart effect. Jenkins believed two specific factors that affected the study was the type of music being played and the participants particular taste for the music. For instance if the participants were to have been of a younger age such as a teenager then they would most believably re spond with more positive results to music from their generation such as Taylor Swift or Carrie Underwood.In order to test the challenge hypothesis Jenkins conducted a study Jenkins conducted animal experiments. They used rats in utero and exposed them to music for 60 days. The rats were split into groups where each group were exposed to different music. The ensembles in which the rats were exposed to were Mozarts piano sonata K448, to minimalist music by the composer Philip Glass, to discolour mental disturbance or to silence (Jenkins, 2011). After the rats were born and the exposure period was finish they were tested using a maze navigation course.The results from the study were surprising. The study from the maze navigation showed that the rats who were exposed to Mozarts sonata were the quickest and also the most accurate at completing the maze (Jenkins, 2011). This information is significant because it showed that Mozarts sonata and the Mozart effect does exist, that it is pr ovable, and that it has an effect on memory. An additional study conducted did not relate to spatial skills or maze navigation. This study involved persons suffering from epilepsy. For this study they used 29 patients with focal discharges or bursts of generalized spike and beckon complexes (Jenkins, 2001).While perceive to Mozarts piano sonata K448 patients pneumoencephalogram results had a visible simplification in epileptic activity. They study showed for or so patients there was great improvements. For example in one male, unconscious with side epilepticus, ictal patterns were present 62% of the time, whereas during exposure to Mozarts music this take account fell to 21% (Jenkins, 2001). According to another study, The long-term effect of listening to Mozart K.448 decreases epileptic form discharges in children with epilepsy, the Mozart K448 also had effectiveness in lessen epilepsy and the frequency of epileptic incidents in children (Lin et al., 2011).This study holds merit for several reasons. ane reason is that it proves that the Mozart effect does exist. Secondly it provides evidence that the Mozart effect is not based only on music appreciation per the unborn rats performance in the maze. It also showed that this effect is not limited to spatial ability or memory as it was also proven to have profound effects in epileptic patients.This study did not take into account individual spatial ability. For instance all the rats were apparently able to complete the maze. The researchers gave no warning that any rats were impaired leading us to assume all of the rats were healthy. The only difference encountered was the music in which the rats were exposed to, or lack thereof. The study performed with the patients suffering from epilepsy did not pertain to their spatial abilities it focused on the decrease of epileptic episodes..In order to make this study more generalizable all they would need to try and test the spatial ability of many different typ es of rats. There should be normal functioning rats, mentally deficient rats, deformed rats, and rats that suffer blindness and deafness issues. Added in there could be rats that suffer from malnutrition as well as obesity. With keeping the easement of the study the same a more wide-ranging inference can be made in relation to Mozarts sonata and the effects it has on the rats performance in the maze navigation.In regards to the studies with the epileptic patients other types of music should be used rather than just Mozarts sonata. Other classical selections could be used such as selections from Bach, Chopin, or other Mozart selections. This could be helpful in order to see if the epileptic episodes are decreased with the various selections or if it is just that particular Mozart sonata.The study could break the music down farther by examining the type of instrumentality within the selection. In the studies it was stated that the Mozart sonata was a piano piece. With this we may d educt that selections using the piano may have an effect on epileptic episodes. A generalization from this is that soothing piano music with no quarrel could have a positive effect on the epileptic episode reductions. Another possibility, just as with the rats, the type of epileptic could be factor such as the severity of the epilepsy in the patient.ConclusionThe conclusion of these studies is that the Mozart effect does in fact exist, that it is provable, and that there are positive results in the participants. The first study conducted pertained to spatial skills in college students as well as three year olds. This study proved that younger individuals have the ability to remember information more easily as a result of listening to Mozarts sonata. The college students showed that information was retained only short-term.Also proven was that the stirring and processing of music and spatial abilities use the same neural pathways in the brain. It was later argued that any type of m usic can make mickle remember more as long as they appreciate they music being played. This however was disproved through the experiment that was conducted using the rats. They study showed that the rats that listened to Mozarts piece performed better and more accurately in the maze vs. rats that listened to Philip Glass, white noise, or nothing at all. Also interesting was the discovery that listening to Mozarts piano sonata K448 was proven to reduce epileptic episodes.The Mozart effect unimpeachably warrants further study. There needs to be different types of rats to determine if disabilities such as blindness or injury has an effect on their ability to navigate the maze. More studies with epileptic patients could be conducted as well in order to test different types of musics relation to the reduction of episodes if any, as well as more studies on individuals and children.ReferencesJenkins, J.S. (2001). The Mozart effect. Journal of the gallant Society of Medicine, 94, 170-172 . Retrieved January 21, 2015, from http//web.b.ebscohost.com.libproxy.edmc.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/emailprotectedvid=1hid=116Jhu.edu. (n.d.). What is spatial ability? Retrieved January 21, 2015, fromLin, L., Lee, W., Wu, H., Tsai, C., Wei, R., Mok, H., Weng, C., Lee, M., Yang, R., (2011). The long-term effect of listening to Mozart K.448 decreases epileptic form discharges in children with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behavior, 21(4), 420-424. Retrieved January 21, 2015, from http//www.sciencedirect.com.libproxy.edmc.eduRauscher, F. H., Shaw, G. L., Ky, K. N. (1993). Music and spatial task performance. Nature, 365. 6447 611. (October 14, 1993). (ProQuest Document ID 76004658). Retrieved January 21, 2015, from http//files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED390733.pd

Jails Old And New Sociology Essay

clinks Old And New Sociology EssayWith the advent of civilization and forever improving societies, man has found the indispensableness for several constants. The leases for shelter, intellectual nourishment and protective cover suck in been just a few of these constantsas has the need for incarceration of whatsoever of those members of society that own chosen non to attach to the rules that a particular society has deemed as necessary. For those members, dawdles and prison houses were strengthened to hold pack before or after a conviction, it is not meant to be a permanent stop for those convicted, just a regulariseholder.The eldest put to sleep strengthened was believed to be in 1166, ordered by King Henry II of England, from there jails spread throughout Europe only changed in reaching and size all everyplace time. (Schmalleger Smykla, 2011) stoolhouses and poorhouses were developed in the 15th and 16th centuries in England where sheriffs took the role of sup ervising vagrants, the poor and the mentally ill. (Schmalleger Smykla, 2011) These so-called jails were not hygienise and had unhealthy conditions for the prisoners. This caught the attention of 18th century tender reformers. One such reformer was English sheriff John Howard. In 1779, Englands Parliament passed the four jail reforms that Howard proposed right and sanitary structures, jail inspections, elimination of fees, and an emphasis on reforming prisoners. (Schmalleger Smykla, 2011)The first jail in the get together States was the Walnut Street Jail in Philadelphia, built in 1773 it housed offenders without regard to sex, age, or offense. The Philadelphia Quakers had requiremented the Walnut Street Jail to be a place where bunco games reformed themselves through reflection and remorse, but shortly after its opening, it turned into a promiscuous scene of unexclusive intercourse, universal riot and debauchery. (Schmalleger Smykla, 2011) On October 5, 1835, the Walnut S treet Jail disagreeable and those prisoners were transported to another facility. By the close of the 19th century, most cities across the United States had jails to hold persons awaiting trial and to punish convicted felons. (Schmalleger Smykla, 2011) So, what has changed in the jail population and structures since they were first built? Back in the day, prisoners were treated inhumane, beaten, flogged, and steady hung for their crimes. In todays jail society, those shells of give-and-take be nothing but a moment in history. There are laws governing the treatment of prisoners and prisoners now maintain rights on how they are treated. The 8th Amendment, ratified in 1791, protects persons convicted of a crime to not have excessive bail or fines imposed, nor to have cruel and unique penalty inflicted. (Head) I tend to clean disagree with this due to some persons crimes are so hideous that they deserve fines and/or cruel and unusual punishment, I mean look what some of tho se criminals do to their victims I think back they deserve the same treatment as they gave those victims, but that is just my personalized opinion.The endeavor and structure of the jails have likewise changed. Jails have changed throughout history, and have been through four phases of design, First-Generation, Second-Generation, Third-Generation and Fourth-Generation.First-Generation jails were designed back in the 18th century, and were called running(a) design. In this design, prisoners lived in cells or dormitories. The cells lined up in the corridors and the inmate supervision was minimal. Staff would walking the corridors and would not be able to command into the cell until they were right up on it. The psyche of this type of design was to keep prevent inmates from laborious to escape and to keep the rung safe. I would describe this type of jail setting as isolated. The d featurefall to this type of setting is no type of social contact with anyone unless a crowd brok e. This was not a solution to what needed to be done in order for the prisoners to reform. These types of jails were more like solitary confinement, which over time would literally drive a person insane.The Second-Generation jails emerged in the 1960s to replace old, plus linear jails and provide staff officers to observe inmates in a exchange zone or repair known as a discipline booth, of the jail. The conception of the second- extension jails was for staff to be centralized in one area, which was cover in glass for security, to overlook the pods. These jails have been termed podular remote-supervision facilities. (Schmalleger Smykla, 2011) This type of jail has its difficulties. The usefulness for this type of jail is that the staff can have more of the inmates without having to walk down a corridor. The disadvantage for this type of jail is that the staff and inmates are withal separated and with no social contact, much like the first-generation jails.The Third-Generatio n jails, which are overly known as direct-supervision jails, were introduced in the early 1970s. The housing building block is podular. The cells are arranged around a common area or dayroom. There is not control booth and no physical barriers amid the staff and the inmates. (Schmalleger Smykla, 2011) The first direct-supervision county jail in the United States was the Martinez Detention deftness in Contra Cost, California. (Schmalleger Smykla, 2011) With the direct-supervision jails contract the principles of Direct Supervision 1. Effective control, 2. Effective supervision, 3. fitted staff, 4. Staff and inmate safety, 5. Manageable and cost-effective operations, 6. Effective communication, 7. Classification and orientation, 8. arbiter and fairness, and 9. Ownership of operations. (Schmalleger Smykla, 2011) Direct-supervision jails facilitate staff movement, interaction with inmates, and control and leadership over pods. (Schmalleger Smykla, 2011) With direct-supervisio n, staff and inmates intermingle and this is a positive movement towards the reformation of the inmates and their social skills. You cannot just put someone back into society if he/she has had no contact with other people over a certain nub of time. When you are alone, after a while you get use to the idea of being alone and you get set in your ways and drag in a certain way of doing things. Take my brother for example, no he was not in jail, but he had been living on his own after his divorce for about 10 years and when he lately remarried, it was difficult for him to adapt to brisk lifestyle that involved another person. He had to adjust his ways that he had been accustomed to and to accept new ideas and new rules for the house. This was very difficult for him and it goes along the same line for inmates. People need social interaction and with the third-generation jails they received it.The Fourth-Generation jails brought improvements to the direct-supervision jails by adding b orrowed light or graphic sunlight into the day room. This improves the moral of the inmates and staff and saves on electricity bills when it is gay outside. Along with the borrowed light concept, the fourth-generation jails also implemented program services, more staff, volunteers, and visitors to the jail, even vending machines to the day room. This reduces the feeling of isolation. This improvement adds to the staff the ability to anticipate out the nine principles of direct-supervision. (Schmalleger Smykla, 2011)Along with these new generation jails requires new interpersonal skills. Officers and staff must have excellent interpersonal skills. They must be able to address minor and major conflicts within the pods, even though in the new generation jails, especially the fourth-generation jails, conflicts are at a minimal rate due to the improved conditions and the attitudes of both the inmates and the staff. Reports have shown that the staff no longer saw themselves as mere gu ards or delineate their jobs as simply to keep criminals locked up. Among the positive impacts, the officers and staff tend to see the jails as cleaner, less crowded, having fresher air, and being more temperate. However, these same researches also showed, even with the improvements, that the staff was no more satisfied than with the new generation jails than the conventional jails. (Appegate Paoline, 2007) I can see how the cleaner jails could be a positive effect on the staff and inmates. Take for example, you are invited over to a friends house and it is totally in chaos and messy. The friend cleverness be well-heeled in that type of environment, but you are not so comfortable. If the environment were cleaner and more nonionised, you would be more comfortable and able to relax and enjoy that visit. Same thing with jails, the cleaner and organized it is, the more positive the attitudes of the staff and inmates. They pass on be more flat to communicate and follow the rules than in a run-down, unstructured type of jail. another(prenominal) point of view would be that if an inmate can see that the place he/she is housed and it is not being take care of properly, what makes them think that anyone cares to fall upon ways of improving it, that the facility is complacent with the conditions? Not that I would want to experience jail life, I would prefer it to be clean, healthy and somewhat a positive environment.With the improvements of the third and fourth generation jails brought, it also brought argument and disadvantages. Results from studies show that few jails are strictly adhering to the new design techniques that have been recommended for the successful operations of these new generation jails. (Tartaro, 2002) Overcrowding is a popular occupation in todays jails and even thought the crime rate is down, there is still overcrowding. Another problem the new generation jails have is the age of the offenders has increase and having the necessary accommo dations for these elder prisoners. In the traditional jails, there were no medical treatments available, in todays jails, most jails offer medical treatment, but only on the same level as lower income families. Studies have also shown that inmates with disabilities are a growing problem in that they were discriminated against and most jails do not have the representation to house inmates with disabilities, and I mentioned earlier, the 8th amendment protects this group of prisoners in todays society. (Ginsberg, 2009)In closing, the research I have done I have learned that the differences in the old jails and the new jails are similar in some ways and totally opposite in other ways. I believe that in the old jails and the way they were imprisoned were more liable(predicate) not to double their offenses, and in the new jails, offenders are likely to seize their offenses. In the old jails, inmates were brought into the public eye and were embarrassed by their actions. The old, tradi tional jails were not focused on reforming the prisoners they were more focused on punishment to these criminals. In todays jails, we are more focused on reformation of the prisoners and trying to help them merge back into the society from what they once came from, but as I have learned in class, some inmate repeat their offenses because the jail life is better life than what they had. They may have come from broken homes, life of poverty and the jails give them a place of security and more of a home life than what they had. As sad as this is, it is true and with the economy the way it is, this would seem like a better life. New generation emerged due to society to stand against the inhumane treatment that convicts were submitted to and to require the transformation of detainment places from excusive instruments of punishment into establishments of moral recuperation (Merei, 2012) Merei also stated that in the nineteenth century, it was developed the concept according to which jail s could become, from the means of expiation of the evil committed, social sanctums for healing the soul of the one in conflict with the laws of society . In Mereis report, she mentioned that a man named Panait Mucoiu made a categorical statement, which sums it all up. Mucoiu stated, As long as you take the mens freedom, you will definitely not transform him into a better person. You will reap relapse. By incarcerating him and by giving him, every moment, the conviction that everything that happens in detention is a punishment, the society proceeds with all its resources to make him an enemy. (Merei, 2012)Appegate, B. K., Paoline, E. A. (2007, June). Jail Officers Perceptions of the Work Environment In Traditional Versus New Generation Facilities. Retrieved November 21, 2012, from ProQuest Criminal evaluator httpsearch.proquest.com.ezproxy.lib.uwf.edu/criminaljusticeperiodGinsberg, B. (2009, June). Out with the new, in with the old the importance of section 504 of the Rehabiliatio n Act to prisoners with disabilites. p. 713.Head, T. (n.d.). Retrieved declination 1, 2012, from About.com Civil Liberties http//civilliberty.about.com/od/lawenforcementterrorism/p/8th_amendment.htmMerei, L. E. (2012, January). The affirmation of the renewing current of prison reform in the 19th century Romanian thinking. p. 313.Schmalleger, F., Smykla, J. (2011). Corrections in the 21st Century. New York McGraw-Hill.Tartaro, C. (2002, September ). Examining Implementation Issues with New Generation Jails. Retrieved November 21, 2012, from sharp Journals http//cjp.sagepub.com.ezproxy.lib.uwf.edu/content/13/3/219

Integrated assesment

Integrated assesmentHNC amic up to(p) safeguardIntegrated Assessment 2Catherine McAvoyValues argon substantiateards and principals by which we live our lives. These standards ar m any(prenominal) and often depend on hoi pollois background e.g. Culture, class, religion, gender, age. Values argon extremely individual attitudes that betoken muckles responses to the world around them. Amongst some of the values I live my sustenance by and respect argon privacy entirelyowing me to convey space to myself and respecting the fact that former(a)s may desire privacy, to be safe and excessively al subalterning others the same, having self respect, being trustworthy, being non judgmental, being anti discriminatory, respect life and faith, value freedom and equality, value weft and others points of view. I harbour intimate to live my life this way from my parents and their families. The schools and church where I was taught , espoused the values of valet de chambre dignity, solid arity for the common good , charity in truth, and the family, all of which I touch to hold dear. I therefore subdue to check that I sue people the way I would like to be treated. Be endeavor of these values, I am able to shit happily alongside the organization I offer for, as their policies and procedures represent many of these common values.I currently voluntary as a Befriender for a group that assistants adults with learning disabilities go bad include within the community through socialization, by matching Befriendees with rewardive Befrienders.I, as a volunteer for this organization, provide their swear out participants with the opportunity to take a full and satisfying part in their community. I too help to raise awareness of issues affecting adults with learning difficulties in community participation. I did this in a major way by participating in the collection and presentation of our petition to the Scottish Parliament to request that Befriending is financed wit h loading funding. Although Befriending, to help social inclusion was briefly mentioned as a marrow of supporting adults with learning disabilities in Same as you Strategy2000, this article has never been specify by the government as a core operate to be provided by councils. As a moment, Befriending for Adults with Learning Disabilities has rarely been financed or delivered by statutory dish outs. However, the social work department is the main pith of referral to our organization and so for the moment receive this service free, financed by openhearted donations. I feel this is a form of statutory contrariety against our leaf node group and hope our petition resolves this situation. This petition has received a electro overconfident reaction from the petitions committee and is still going through the committee processes. I besides receive continued training, support, and supervision and engage in fusion workings with relevant agencies.The core values of our organisati on are underpinned byNational electric charge Standards, which were set up under the law of Care (Scotland) crook 2001. This Act came roughly to regulate the deal out and social work force and set out the principals of good solicitude practice.The Care delegationwas set up under this Act to register, regulate, and inspect all care services listed in the Act. It also establishedThe Scottish fond go Council (SSSC).The SSSC has objective lenss and objectives to protect the service users, raise standards, strengthen, and support workforce professionalism. There are six main standards laid down in National Care Standards that are at the centre of any care practice.Dignity qualification someone feel worthy and impressive as defined in the Oxford English Dictionary. I ensure that I give dignity by respecting individuals for who they are. I recognise all individuals are different and I am sensitive and aware of this.Privacy and confidentialityis the pauperization and right to priva cy. The dogma of confidentiality amongst me and the service user is built on mutual respect and trust. Confidentiality is encourage reinforced by theData Protection Act 1998. This allows our service users to suppose any entropy that is held on them.I moldiness ensure that this information is held hard in a locked filing cabinet. Any information I write in an exertion plan must be truthful, factual, and hi-fi with my opinions to be objective.Choicemeans giving and explaining different options to individuals. I support our service users by encouraging their right to choose. By offering they modified options that will encourage them to look at positive alternatives within a safe environment. asylummeans that I must ensure my service user when in my care, is protected from harm and abuse. If I suspect or observe that harm and abuse has or is taking orchestrate, against a service user, I must makeup the incident in an chance circulate Form within 36 hrs of the episode to my line double-decker. I also complete a risk assessment form before any activity.Realising Potentialensures that I must allow my service users the chance to aim to achieve things great and small within their abilities.These core values are represented within our organisations policies and procedures. To ensure knobsafetywe have a Healthand Safety Policywhich is designed to comply with theHealth and Safety at work Act 1974.Risk Assessments are used on a daily basis before an activity to ensure that the provide and clients are safe on the premises. We also haveAccident and Incident Reportingprocedureswhich are required under theReporting of Injuries, Diseases, and DangerousOccurrencesRegulation 1995(RIDDOR), Social Security Regulations 1979 (SRR),Data Protection Act,to be describein an efficient manner. I must complete relevant forms and discipline to my line manager. If an event requires reporting directly to RIDDOR the records should be kept securely for at least three years. Our Equalities policy complies with theSex unlikeness Act 1975 and 1986, the Race Relations Act of 1976and theRace Relation Amendments Regulations of 2003, the Disability discriminationAct 1995.Our organization opposes all forms of unfair and unlawful discrimination on the grounds of colour, race, religion, nationality, social background, gender, sexual orientation, marital status, age and disability. It also promotes the principle of equal opportunities in paid employment, voluntary work, and service provision.Although it is important to withstand positive values within my practice, it is sometimes difficult to do so. plentiful someone choice needs to be balanced by ensuring that this choice is safe and positive. Giving Adults with Learning Disabilities too many choices commode cause confusion and sometimes fear. So I give limited positive choices to ensure that this does non happen. Safety issues can also limit choices, as under theHealth and Safety at formulate Act 1974andNa tional Care Standardsit is important that I ensure my client is safe from harm and abuse. If a risk assessment shows that an activity is non suitable to the client because of safety issues then the choice of doing that picky activity is reduced. Privacy and confidentiality is dealt with in ourConfidentiality policy.Our organization requires information approximately clients, volunteers, cater other organizations and our own organization. I am therefore committed to ensuring that all information is stored safely which also allows appropriate retrieval. Confidential material must be kept in a locked cabinet. Volunteers are only able to see files on a need to know basis only. data processor access is limited to authorized ply and information backed up and compatible withTheData Protection Act 1998.If a client discloses something to me and asks me not to tell anyone then I must respect his/her wishes as a matter of trust. However, sometimes this can be difficult, especially if abus e is disclosed. under these circumstances I am obliged to tell him/her that I register his/her need for confidentiality, but the circumstances require me to apprise my line manager in writing and that this will be in his/her best interests and to try not to worry.As we do not supply a care service, we are not required to register with the Care Commission, but we ensure all our policies and procedures meet their standards. As all clients under these standards are licitly allowed an individualized care plan, we instead have an activity plan. To ensure no discrimination takes place the client is assessed using (Ref1)PIES.We take into account, our clientsPhysicalneeds, reasonneeds,Emotionalneeds, andSocialneeds. Needs were first described as requirements for our survival of the fittest in the model put forward by (Ref 2)AbrahamMaslow, a Humanist Psychologist. He stated that human needs can be arranged in a stepladder pyramid and that the light level needs must be satisfied before h igher(prenominal) levels can be met. Starting from the basic psychological need, then pitiable to safety and security, social, esteem, and self- actualization.He suggested that not satisfying these needs the person could become frustrated and emotionally distressed, with possibly poverty and crisis taking place. He also suggested that these needs be met in order.Prejudice as (Ref 3)defined in the Collins dictionary is an unreasonable dislike of a particular group of people or things, or a preference for a one group of people or things over another. Prejudice is caused by a wishing of understanding of something, causing the wrong impression to be created. Working with people with learning disabilities has shown me that prejudice arises amongst some of the local anaesthetic community. This is a small section of the community pre- judging those with learning disabilities through lack of knowledge and so they hold unfavourable views or opinions towards people who are different and so bullying can take place. Adults with learning disabilities are a section of society that tends not to be able to stand up for themselves. They rely on family, social workers, advocacy workers, and support workers to advise them on their rights, choices, and responsibilities. Unfortunately, through no fault of their own, some sections of this community may not receive this relevant information.They do not receive the care, benefits, and advice that they need, or they do not receive the statutory services they deserve. This can be caused by certain people denying our client group their rights and so distract against them. Harassment, bullying and hate crimes of those with learning disabilities takes place in many areas, the new death of a mother and daughter burned to death in England after numerous threats and harassment is an excessive example and result of discrimination. Discrimination takes place through fear, misunderstanding, misinformation, and so as well as laws against di scrimination, we need to educate and provide training against it. To try to ensure that the incident that took place does not happen in our community, our organization is involved in providing a training service to the community.I have taken part in training to try to educate youths from the local secondary school aboutLearning Disabilities. This resulted in them becoming peer volunteers to younger children with Learning Disabilities from the local school for autistic children. A music group was set up to bring these two groups of youngsters together, with positive results.(Ref 4) Adults with Learning Disabilities are more likely to develop health problems. Therefore, without support, they may not be able to make their feelings known and so screening and or word may be denied. The need for support to allow them to lead as normal a life as their abilities allow and to access services, has a financial cost to society. The belief that people with learning disabilities, are a financial burden to society, and not providing relevant support is evidence of discrimination.The impact of discrimination on my client group can result in exclusion and marginalization. Psychologically that can result in depression, low self- esteem, frustration, or anger. Causing their behavior to be affected, by them becoming retreat or violent.Through legislation, social care organizations now have to be more accountable and have increasing responsibilities to write and maintain policy and procedures. These have to comply with current legislation and exist to protect peoples rights and ensure quality services are provided. Our policies and procedures must have specific guidelines, for example, they cover confidentiality and privacy, equal opportunities, health and safety, abuse policies, lone working practices, activity planning and reviews and risk assessment and management.I have a responsibility to read the organizations policy and procedures thoroughly and integrate them into my pra ctice. I should interrogation any uncertainties and report any infringements. If I am un user-friendly about the practice of others within the organization or within any other agency I come into contact with, I must report to my line manager and seek advice. My manager has a responsibility to throw these policies and procedures ensuring they incorporate current legislation. Management ensures that staff and service users have easy access to them. Discussion and reflection of policies and procedures to ensure they are justified and explained to staff is encouraged.References.Elizabeth Bingham+. (2009). Social Care Group Award Graded Unit. In Heinemann HNC in Social Care. Edinburgh Heinemann. 147.Elizabeth Bingham+. (2009). Psychological perspectives and Theories on development and needs.In Heinemann HNC in Social Care. Edinburgh Heinemann. 86-89.http//dictionary.reverso.net/english-cobuild/prejudicehttp//www.learningdisabilities.org.uk/media/news-releases/newsreleases-2005/14-july- 2005/?locale=en

Developments of Stem Cell Technology

Developments of Stem cell TechnologyThe research of embryotic pedestal electric cell is classified under the study of biotechnology, which is adept of the closely recognized atomic number 18as of research by the public, as well as one that start the potentials of benefited from the completion of the research7. The embryotic arc cells are the absolute insensible form of t forbidden ensemble cells that is within a human, they are frequently cognize for twain of their main marks. One is the ability to self- revitalize though a vast completion of time era remain non-specialised, and the other main characteristic is the stalk cells ability to differentiate and give rise to each specialised cell3. Beca economic consumption of these characteristics, it brings hope to retrieve diseases that were non possible before, by replacing the modify cell with a new one that is cosmos derive from a rootage cell. Neurodegenerative diseases are a prime example where scientists bel ieve that infrastructure cells are the key to treating the disease. However, the research of embryonic al-Qaida cells has always being surrounded with disputation, repay able-bodied to the pro-life movement around the world. This report go out be mainly focused on the use of beginning cell on treating neurodegenerative diseases, and a general overview of the progress in the research of ancestor cells. (202 Words)ReviewThe majority of the research done on embryonic stem cells is directed mostly toward checkup treatment such as bone up narrow transplant, regrowing a new nerve cell to heal Neurodegenerative diseases and more. The researches of stem cell started in the mid eighteen hundreds, when scientists discovered that some cells permit the ability to gene outrank into others. But the application of stem cell but start to boom from 1960s, when the human understanding on natural biological systems had increased to the point that it allowed scientists and doctors to do bon e union transfers between two humans which resulted in curing a patient with severe exhaust immunodeficiency in 1968.This is the reason that stem cell research attracted attention from the public, due to the possibilities of curing several different types of diseases or healing damages that were beyond humans natural healing ability. Stem cells are the fundamental cells of all the different types of cells that are in a human body. It has the ability to renew itself, under the correct environment and performs obligatory asymmetric replication (see plot 1 at appendix 1). This, combined with their ability to transform into any specific cell type that shadow be found in a human body, makes it possible to create new cells to replace those that were modify by disease or treatment dishes. However, the current understanding of the demeanour of stem cells is not enough for scientists and doctors to use them to completely mend a certain disease. Nevertheless, we before long hand en ough understanding through research, to orient that stem cells do have the ability to lessen the symptoms such ailments as Alzheimers disease.The research into stem cells has potential of curing most of the long-term diseases cognise to doctors however the cost of this research is the main reason of quarrel. The reason of the controversy around stem cells is focused mainly because embryonic stem cells raise only be gathered when an nut is being fertilized.The process of gathering a sample of stem cells started by triggering a human egg that has been left in cryo for more than the legal limit, to grow into an embryo interchangeable the normal maturement of a child. Afterward, the egg started to grow for five to 7 days where the blastocyst started to form along with the interior(a) cell mass. The unscathed blastocyst is then moved to a specially prepared culturing eggshell that is covered in a feeder layer, that is designed to support the growth of the stem cell, and chem ics are added to break the blastocyst to allow the inner cell mass to be exposed. From this point on it is merely waiting for the inner cell mass to grow and divide into stem cells that the researcher suffer use to test in a controlled environment by victimization different growth itemors that will hopefully allow the scientist to map out the reaction of different types of proteins and the chemical environment that would decide the growth manner of these stem cells (see diagram at appendix 2).By this point, most biotechnologists contract assistance from race in another field, such as chemical engineer, protein specialist and doctors to help culturing or to understand how this stem cell works. These specialist from other field of science, help scientists to understand the growth factor that is gnarly in the differentiation of the cells. A prime example would be the use of growth factors.Unfortunately this is also where the controversy starts a lot of people around the world th at support pro-life organisations believe that the research of stem cells is immoral since every embryo that is being used to extract the stem cells have the possibility of becoming a full child, thus the process of extracting the stem cells would destroy the possibility of life. They believe that the same research brook be conducted through boastful stem cells, or known as bodied stem cells, that can be isolated from bone narrow, or any other cells that have the ability to self repair, without the need of creating a full embryo. While it may be possible to do so, the minginesss of bodied stem cells are extremely hard to isolate and researchers are currently unable to grow them in cultures for further study. However, most scientists believe that while each embryo has the possibility of developing into a child, the long conclusion of cryo that is used to store the egg, is damaging it, to a point that the death rate of the infant will be higher, along with the fact that these ce lls were originally schedule to be destroyed, thus it does not make more difference. Therefore, until either the somatic stem cells can be cultured and proven to be as potent as embryonic stem cells, or the latest bring forth pluripotent stem cells that are created by reprogramming the adult stem cell clog up into the pluripotent stem cell stage of culture. Scientists are stuck on using embryonic stem cells for the majority of the study. (792)Application Case studyThe advancement in the field of biotechnologys research into stem cells has already started to show results. In the past, diseases such as Alzheimers, which are diseases that cause the degradation of neurons on nerve cells, which were not treatable by doctors before. The most that doctors were able to do was to relieve the pain caused by the disease, they were not able to locate the source of the disease, or how they affected patients.However, since the development of stem cell technology, scientists have regain hope o f finding cure or treatment process that can permanent treat these diseases. apply the same system that was originally designed to house the stem cells, they were able to isolate the infected neuron samples that were affected by the diseases, and therefore, were able to unionise a treatment or cure for the diseases as they now have a sample with which they can work.Alzheimers disease is one of the most viridity neuron degradation diseases seen in the world. In America alone, there are at least 5.3 million people that have this disease. Alzheimers disease attacks the poise and neurons that are in the brain over a long period of time, which slowly causes memory want, problem solving skills, thinking, to the point that the brain can no yearner function properly, leading to death. Alzheimers disease currently has no cure, as the rate that the human body regenerates the brain cells are much slower than the rate of infection. Therefore, theoretically it will be possible to cure Alzhe imers if all infected nerve cells could be removed, and replaced with new nerve cells that were derived from the adult stem cell of the patient. This same application can also be used on other diseases such as Parkinsons disease or sport injury that normally requires years of recovery.Based on a published ledger in 2009, scientists were able to use bone marrow derived the mesenchymal stem cell to relieve symptoms of Alzheimers on a mice model that have been purposely induced. According to the research journal, when a patient (or mice in their case) that is presented with the disease, the concentration of amyloid-b (Ab) peptides in the form of amyloid plaques in the brain parenchyma increases, which causes neural loss to the patient. Therefore, in a direct treatment the research team injected bone-marrow-derived-mesenchymal stem cells into the brain of the induced mice, the result showed that there is a diminution of amyloid-b by the reactivation of microglia that were re-stimulated by the injection of the stem cells. Thus the research team arrived at the conclusion that BMMSCs can promote reduction of the amyloid-b through the microglial activation in the induced Alzheimers brain, suggesting a potential therapeutic agent against Alzheimers disease. (453) however, in the journal the research team fail to considered the other cause of Alzheimer the neruofibrillary tanglesConclusionIn conclusion, it is clear that the development of stem cells is one field of biotechnology that is uphill quickly as the understanding of natural biological systems increase, along with the fact that the diversity of biotechnology is potentially limitless in the field of medical research. For example, during the process of creating a suitable environment for the embryonic stem cells to grow, researchers have accidentally created a solution that can keep donated organs for longer periods of time, allowing a higher chance of success to the transplant surgery later on a long period of travel. In the future, once more is mute about stem cells, the whole technology may be go enough to reconstruct an entire limb. There remains much controversy around this field, due to the researchers ethical practices, notably, obtaining new stem cells.ReferencingKil Lee, Jong, Hee Kyung Jin, and Jae-sung Bae. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells reduce brain. Neuroscience Letter 450.2 (2009) 136-41. Web. 31 may 2010. .S. Shihabuddin, Lamya, and Isabelle Aubert. Stem cell transplant for neurometabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. Neuropharmacology 58. (2010) 845-54. Web. 12 May 2010. .Stem Cell Basics. In Stem Cell Information World Wide Web site. Bethesda, MD National Institutes of wellness, U.S. surgical incision of Health and Human Services, 2009 cited Wednesday, May 12, 2010Available at Unknown, Unknown. What is the history of stem cell research? History of Stem Cell Research. AllAboutPopularIssues.org, 2010. Web. 12 May 2010. .Unknown, Unknown. What is Alzheimer? Alzheimers Association. Alzheimers Association, 06 April 2010. Web. 28 May 2010. .Unknown, Unknown. Stem cell. Stem Cell. AlphaMed Press, 28 May 2010. Web. 12 May 2010. .Keener, Kevin, Thomas Hoban, and Rekha Balasubramanian. BIOTECHNOLOGY and its APPLICATIONS. North Carolina State University. North Carolina State University, 06/03/2010. Web. 12 May 2010. .Lindvall O (2003). Stem cells for cell therapy in Parkinsons disease. Pharmacol Res 47 (4) 279-87. Doi 10.1016/S1043-6618(03)00037-9. PMID12644384.Goldman S, Windrem M (2006). Cell replacement therapy in neurological disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 361 (1473) 1463-75. Doi 10.1098/rstb.2006.1886. PMID16939969.Unknown, Unknown. Stem Cells and self-Renewal. isscr. ISSCR, 2010. Web. 28 May 2010. www.isscr.org/public/SC_self-renewal.pdfUnknown, Unknown. Neurofibrillary Tangles. Department of Pathology. University of Oklahoma, 2010. Web. 30 May 2010. .