Assessments for Marketing Management Term Paper

Assessments for Marketing Management - Term Paper ExampleIn order to effect substantial growth, dutyes have aimed to market their businesses beyond their geographical borders. This has made way to world(prenominal) trade enabling businesses to compete at a global scale. As part of s trade strategy, it is vital for a business to ascertain its status and relevance within a market in order to pave some(prenominal) way forward. The timing and the level of consumer demand help a business in establishing the right selling avenue. The angiotensin-converting enzyme in charge of the marketing strategy is usually the marketing managers in many organizations. In addition, a business should have detailed objectives and a better perceptiveness of their businesses in order to initiate appropriate and cost friendly marketing engagement strategies. In this context, the marketing principle collides with strategic planning for effective implementation of the goals intended plan (Hill & Jones, 2012). For a long time, this defecate of management depended on three crucial aspects that be the customer, the competitor, and the company analysis aspects. These constitute the three Cs of marketing. However, this paper will dwell on various aspects that contri merelye towards effective marketing and door of a market audience. Question 1 Different needfully that most consumers have Majorly, there argon categories of consumer needs. These needs are stated, real, unstated, delight and secret needs. Ideally, a customer buys a product mainly for its great power to offer a dissolver to the need presented. In a break down, stated needs are those that a customer has articulated and seen the importance of having as a matter of priority. Here the cost of the solutions non the customers priority but the priority is the having any product satisfy the need. In addition, the try out or the choices of the product do not matter, as it is a matter of immediate problem solvent and not spoi led choice. The second type of need is the real needs category that involves the consumers special action in to what they are looking for. For instance, a consumer may mention what they do need but when it comes to the actual search or picking of the solution to their problem, they may pick on something different. In this regard, the charge of the product that they intend to buy may hinder them from going for the most expensive hence concourse the real need with a relatively affordable product. Thirdly, there are the unstated needs that a customer may have but they do not say them out loud (Krishnamacharyulu & Ramakrishnan, 2011). This is to entail that these are needs, which a customer may not express, but still expected by the consumer. Essentially, these could be in terms the consumer expected prices of the commodity and assistance in ascertaining which product will have a pocket friendly price. In this regard, this need draws facilitation from the retailer selling the produ cts. The fourth need that a consumer may have is the delight need that entails the surprise additional benefits of acquiring the product during its sale. In essence, it is more appealing to a consumer when the product that they intended to buy has a buy one-get one free tag line. Ideally, any consumer would tend to go for a product that will give more for less irrespective of their reference attributes. Therefore, a consumer may go out to buy products to solve their needs but then dislodge their minds when they get to the retail store because of the extra incentive factor. Lastly, the fifth type of need is the secret needs that are concealed inside a consumers head. Essentially, these are the needs, which application of a product solution will help the consumer be like a symbol within the products image. For instance, the hidden need when one uses a facial cream would be the need to become as the beauty queens apply

Challenges of Programming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Challenges of Programming - Essay ExampleSpecifically, the subsection on Nonlinear Programming include a parole of profit graphs with nonproportional relationships. For the subsection on Decision Analysis, different decision criteria were explained. The subsection on Forecasting has a detailed discussion on forecasting techniques. The subsection on Queuing tackled different queuing systems. At the end of every subsection, the author reacts to the issues at hand.Managers can count on a number of quantitative decision making methods that can aid them in coming up with a set of proceed judgments as the need arises. These methods include Nonlinear Programming, Decision Analysis, Forecasting, and Queuing. The following subsections will provide a discussion of these methods and the text of Hillier and Hillier (2010) was used extensively.Linear Programming is a subclass of mathematical programming that uses straight-line or linear relationships among the constraints and quarry functions (Gass, 2003). The problem falls under Nonlinear programming when at least one of these relationships is nonlinear in nature. Thus, Linear Programming assumes a proportional relationship between activity levels and overall measure of surgical operation while Nonlinear Programming is used to model nonproportional relationships. There are four (4) types of profit graphs associated with nonproportional relationships. First, the change magnitude Marginal Returns wherein the dependent variable star increases at a decreasing rate as the dependent variable increases. Second, the Piecewise Linear which consists of a sequence of connected line segments. Third, the graph of Discontinuities which suddenly jumps up or down. Fourth, the change magnitude Marginal Returns wherein the dependent variable increases at an increasing rate.Decision Analysis uses a methodological come along to rationally addressing management problems that are much more complicated and display higher levels of uncerta inty

Meeting the Needs of Diverse Learners Research Paper

Meeting the inescapably of Diverse Learners - Research Paper ExampleThroughout the discussion, I allow integrate conceptual frameworks and pertinent research to justify the strategies I claim chosen. Thematic Unit Ecosystem The thematic unit is designed to carry multiple subject areas and engage a number of teachers in instruction. Taking the form of an interdisciplinary project, the undertaking is accommodates for antithetical types of learning styles. This approach takes off from the tradition of multiple intelligences introduced by Howard Gardner. For every student to succeed, the teacher must provide different window of opportunity acknowledging the fact that different students learn in different ways (Conklin, 2006). The main objective of the unit is to create a model ecosystem which uses different principles in the somatogenic sciences and mathematics. Different subject areas have their own respective objectives and this can be reflected in the activities that I will ou tline below. Day 1 Planning. On the first daytime of the project, the students are divided into different groups, and asked to platform on different dimensions of creating an ecosystem. At the beginning, the class discuss their vision of the ecosystem, and then identify the different groups essential to achieve the vision. Then, they break down into groups based on their interests. They are informed that groupings may change end-to-end the whole term for them to experience different roles. Groups may include purchasing, Flexible grouping is an important strategy for meeting diversity and for developing talent, particularly in elementary schools (Arrends, 2004, p. 62). This stage also serves as a pre-assessment to identify the intelligences of particular students and the ones that need more support. Days 2-3 Background Knowledge. On the second day, the teachers take turns in discussing the concepts behind an ecosystem. Students are given different materials including literatur e and videos to understand the concept behind an ecosystem and its importance. The last day highlights the threats that ecosystems globally are faced with. During the discussion, students are invited to share the conditions in their respective communities. The heart of working with cultural diversity is the teachers ability to connect the world his or her students and their cultures to the world of the school and the schoolroom (Arrends, 2004, p. 71, emphasis on original). One of the major activities in these two days is for students to debate on an resolution Can man create ecosystems or do ecosystems create men? For each stand, what are the implications of diminish ecosystems? On day 2, the students are given the half of the day to do research in the program library or online to prepare for the debate on the following day. These two days involve teachers in Science, Math, English, writings and Social Studies. A combination of cooperative learning, individual study and differ entiated instructions are given. Rutherford (2010) reiterates the utility program of these tools to facilitate scaffolding. Days 3-4 Project Making. Throughout the week, the students have been involved in both knowledge and mulish skills. They have participated in planning and gathering the necessary materials and knowledge to create the project that is expected of them. Teachers have been continuously intervening and drawing on the students competencies. At these final stages, it is important that all students gain a sense of

Compare & Contrast Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm Cinderella, Ever After and Essay

Compare & Contrast Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm Cinderella, eer After and Disneys Cinderella - Essay ExampleThe Brothers Grimm, Jakob and Wilhelm, were the first to put the age-old story of a poor runty princess turned pauper turned princess to paper as a means of preserving the rich oral history of their German homeland in the early 1800s. Because their original intention was not to write childrens stories, but to protect folk humbugs, there remain traces within Cinderella that hint of a darker past. Also, because the story was written during a time of ironlike Christian morality, the stories contain a blatant religious overtone including the beginning when Cinderella is told by her dying niggle that her responsibility in life is to be good and pious. The step-sisters in this version are beautiful to aim upon, but the brothers describe them as vile and black of heart. In portraying Cinderella, the Grimm brothers go into great detail regarding Cinderellas grief over the loss of he r mother and include a magical chromatic direct in which a white bird perches and delivers to Cinderella any of the wishes she expresses. It was with the help of the little bird in the hazel tree that Cinderella was able to be outfitted properly for the first of a three day feast and dance. In this case, she was forced to leave the dance three times, once by jumping through a pigeon house, once by climbing a tree and the third time, she finally left behind a golden, rather than a glass, slipper. The prince twice picked up the wrong sister to be his bride after they each had mangle their own foot in order to fit into the slipper, but the bird at the grave go along to warn him. On her wedding day, the two false sisters were punished by the birds by having their eyes pick off out one at a time, suffering blindness forever afterward.This is a gruesome tale compared to that presented by Walt Disney in 1950. Here the step-sisters have become as unfortunate-looking as they are in spi rit, some(prenominal) mean and

Research Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research Study - Assignment ExampleIt was prepare that segmentation depends on a number of factors ranging from age, sexual orientation, education to even age. The benefits also spread farthermost and wide from helping in identification of the most and least profitable customers, enabling grouping of consumers by factors like type and size of organization, category and lifestyle of consumers, geographical location, attitudes and behavior, enhancing customer service, helping a cable build loyal relationships and so forth.Successful segmentation research, it was found, minimizes the number of segments only giving rise to a small number of big segments. Good research will enable classification of these groups through economical data and other essential information on how these segments change and develop over time. Both Bloomindale and Nordstrom allow high quality products and services though Nordstrom also serves customers of more modest means.Nordstrom Inc. is an upmarket America n excogitate department store, founded by Carl F. Wallin and John W. Nordstrom currently having its headquarters in Washingtons Seattle. Shoe retail was the companys beginning and has since grown their catalog to incorporate cosmetics, clothing fragrances, accessories, jewelry and handbags. Some use up Nordstrom stores also stock home furnishing and wedding sections. Asof March 16, 2012 it had 225 stores in the United States stores situated in 30 states. There about 245 stores effective in 35 states, which include about 140 Nordstrom Racks and approximately117 Full-Line stores. As of the family 2012, it is the 5th largest department store company in the U.S. by retail sales and the thirty-fourth largest install in the US in 2013 in terms of revenue. Presently, Nordstrom has distribution centers in, Maryland, California, Oregon, Gainesville, Iowa, Ontario, Upper Marlboro, Dubuque, Florida and Portland (Businessweek.com.

Kurdistan workers party Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Kurdistan workers party - query Paper ExampleIt is significant to note that the focal operation of the Kurdistan Worker Party is in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iraq, and turkey. Further, the PKK has severe financial support and huge propaganda operations in Europe, and it mostly relies on raging and bloody offensive activity for financing.The conclave started out in the beginning of the 1970s in Ankara comprising mainly of students. They were led by Abdullah Ocallan. They expanded their follower base on November 25th, 1978 by targeting a wider audience of the Kurdish. Two days recentlyr, the group established and eventually named the Kurdistan Workers Party. It believed in a Marxist ideology and it frequently engaged in violent and bloody conflicts as a part of their political commotion in Turkey. The PKK holds that it is it role and responsibility in changing the lives of the Kurdish race in Southern Turkey. Therefore, its focus is to represent their ambitions and thoughts. The Marx ist-Leninism propels the group to launch compulsive struggle against people it calls the bourgeois (Anil, 2010).In 1980, there was a coup attempt in Turkey and this elevated the organization to another level. One of the organizations co-founders, Sakine Cansiz, was arrested and ended up doing jail-term. Other members arrested were subjected to groovy reprimand while others fled to Syria. Yet, in France, the organizations activities were still brewing. The armed wing of this terrorist capsule, the PKK, attacked and bombed the Turkish embassy in Strasbourg. They had collaborated with the ASALA (Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia), an Armenian radical group.In 1984, the organization took another structural formation. They changed into a paramilitary group. They used France as their base setting up training camps. All through to the late 80s, the organization became lethal venom in their terrorist activities. It attacked state institutions,

Practice of Research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Practice of Research - Assignment Example being one of the most challenging activities in the research process, reviewing of the available literature is an important principle. It enables the researcher come after up with a researchable problem. In their book titled Practical Research Planning and Design, the authors Leedy and Ormrod (2010) put out the statement that, the existing literature is likely to tell you what is not known in the area- in opposite words, what still needs to be done.Reviewing the available literature will expose the researcher to several areas of maintenance with the likelihood and expectation that he or she will generate sub-problems from the material before going to the major(ip) problems. Identifying a problem related to the researchers themselves is important since it will naturally motivate them into researching more (Leedy & Ormrod, 2010). After identifying this kindhearted of problem, the researcher should then focus on the purpose of the research at hand with the ability of growth substantial

Global health issue - Lung Cancer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global health issue - Lung Cancer - Assignment ExampleLikewise, case-control studies and recent prospective age group which have factored tobacco smoking and occupational and various cancer risk factors, have constantly to plow upsurges in lung cancer related to propagate pollution. In light of the done research, the question is perhaps not Are some lung cancers caused by nimbus pollution?, but rather What are the excess cases belike to be caused? The existing evidence from the research suggests that proper education and awareness of the negative consequences will relatively assist to lessen the possibility and effectively cure the issues related to lung cancer but silent on the specific environmental risk factors related to air pollution. This is a concern for lung cancer is attributable to air pollution that can occur among both notorious smokers and non-smokers, and thus both effect modification and residuum confounding of the air pollution and another environmental relativ e risk due to smoking mustiness be well-thought-out. Nafstad et al report the relative risks of air pollution adjusted for cigarette smoking, but modification cannot have organized completely for possible confounding. The authors recognize that their research has information or details on cigarette smoking merely at the start of the follow-up period. Further studies and real-time solutions of outdoor air pollution internationally and lung cancer in will need to detail concurrent or ultimo exposures to various risk factors, particularly now that there is an increasing trend in the rates of global warming.

Strategic Report of Harrods & Liberty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Strategic Report of Harrods & freedom - Essay Examplehave diametric business objectives thus their practices about the external environment is greatly variable, all aimed at ensuring they stay in line with the demands of the targets and principles for which the store stands. For instance, Harrods demonstrates a higher level of aggressiveness with the incorporation of modern technological innovations, whereas Liberty is apparently more interested in conservation of its reputation and image, as opposed to multi-engagements in macro-economic influencing factors. On the other hand, Harrods appears to have its focus on a wider range of audience as evident with its marketing techniques, which are largely technology-based. This undoubtedly enables the store to pass a busy and energetic bump of communication about itself. On its part, Liberty tends to position its practices on specific and strictly premium high-end market, well-favored the store a more relaxed ambience.The external and internal analysis of the two stores based on their strategies of sell suggests that the two organizations have not yet been able to fully exploit the business opportunities at their exposure. Of remarkable importance is the need for the two stores to adopt diversity in the products and services provided, and the manner in which this is done, in order to widen their customer base as well as helping them overcome nearly of the external and internal environmental barriers to business.Over the past decades, there has been a significant transformation in the retail industry, which has equally posed more challenging moments for the retailers. Despite this, the world-wide landscape of retailing, which is on continuous change, has experienced massive improvement, even in the time of high competition from within the UK markets and that on the global scene (Thirumalai and Sinha, 2009). Evidence suggests that the move by the retailers to harness the multi-channel practices and the growing advances in technology have been let on in increasing the stability

Project Business Case (A control traffic light signal device) during Essay

Project Business Case (A control handicraft fainthearted signal device) during the transfer of emergency cases - Essay Example Sign Off Title Name touching Date Project Manager Project Sponsor Reviewers Name Title *add/ delete rows as required Table of Contents 1. world 3 2 Options 4 3 Implementation design 9 4 Governance 10 5 Project Review & Closure 11 1. Introduction 1.1 Background In most parts of the world, it is common practice for paramedics to navigate their way around traffics when they ar called to handle an emergency situation. They do not really have the power to control traffics and they ar held by the status of traffic lights each and every time they ar called to duty. It is common practice for drivers of vehicles to stop and grant paramedics to get to their destination on time (Bledsoe et al, 1998). This body of traffic rules and moral obligations forces the acute driver to cursorily clear the road for an ambulance to pass. However, in a crossroad, there are no laws that really stop the return of traffic in a road where there is a green traffic light reflected. nearly drivers have to drive through irrespective of whether there is an ambulance coming through or not. Secondly, a rational driver who sees a moral obligation to stop for an ambulance to pass might end up causation a serious accident because it is unlikely that the cars following him would also think like him and stop for the run of the ambulance. It is therefore important for a middle way to be found to ensure that ambulances and their paramedic faculty get to scenes of medical emergencies and then save lives. This therefore calls for some kind of method that will alter paramedics and ambulance drivers to control the traffic lights whenever they are in driving to the scene of an emergency. Currently, SAAS has little control over the traffic light systems. This therefore means that they would have to stop in every traffic light and hold in till it turns green before they can proceed to save lives. This defeats their principal(prenominal) purpose and there is the involve for SAAS to get some power to control the traffic light systems so that they can fulfill their main purpose of formation to save lives by arriving at emergency destinations on time. 1.2 Justification By definition, paramedics are trained to give first aid and emergency medical aid as and when it is needed and this forms the posterior of their primary responsibility to save lives (Bhushkan & Mone, 2006). This therefore means that the staff members of SAAS devote their lives and times to saving citizens and residents of Australia who are in critical condition and need to be protected from death and severe hardships at the submit time they need it. The traffic lights are there to control the standard flow of cars carrying peoples through several(predicate) crossroads. It regulates the flow of people throughout their travels on Australian roads. These peop le driving are often normal people who are not in any form of immediate danger. It is therefore necessary for antecedence to be given to residents of the country who are in critical or fatal condition. This can be done by giving paramedics the right to control the traffic lights and stop all vehicles moving across the road ahead of them. This is because a delay in their movement could mean the loss of another Australian life. There is therefore the need for the city and planning authorities Southern Australia to give paramedics and a

What are the challenges in implementing Sustainable Development Essay

What are the challenges in implementing sustainable Development through with(predicate) a project such as Bristol Green Capital Discuss with case to your groups experience and how this differs from other groups - Essay Exampleainability of the environment, as the resources are getting scarce day-by-day, which has further vie a crucial role in propounding the contemporary way of project management initiatives (Whitehead, 2002). From a talk perspective, it can be argued that sustainable development is a combination of growing concerns related to socio-economic problems and environmental obstacles (Hopwood & et. al., 2005). sustainable development can be defined as an approach towards adult male development wherein the resources used meets the human requirements along with maintaining the sustainability of the eco-system within the surrounding (Bulkeley & Betsill, 2013). Accordingly, it is considered that human requirements are to be met in the present day through sustainable devel opment, as stated by Ye & et. al (2005).Emphasising the stated dimensions of sustainable development, this paper aims to discuss the challenges face up in practicing the mentioned notions in projects such as Bristol Green Capital. This particular entity operates as a free social rank organisation. Correspondingly, it aims at developing Bristol a city offering high quality life to its residents maintaining a significantly low carbon emission (Bristol Green Capital Partnership, 2014). Accordingly, to gain an in-depth understanding of the functionalities of this organisation, 5 groups arrest been taken into consideration for this study, which include Transition Bristol, The Bristol Partnership Team, Low Carbon South West, Local try Partnership (LEP) and The Knowle West Area Neighbourhood Development Forum. Following a brief overview of these groups, a censorious assessment of the differing views of the selected groups will be performed in this study. Aligning the findings from the assessment, conclusions will be drawn on the challenges confront by the project when focusing on sustainable development of the city.Transition Bristol is a volunteer-led enterprise, acting in support for Bristol Green Capital

Child Abuse Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Child laugh at Paper - Essay Example(Roberts) It is both terrific and disheartening that the step of minorren, despite the legal sanctions in place in every part of the world, is bland so rampant. This paper will attempt to discuss the history of child abuse, the different forms of the crime and the punishment set for abusers. Historical Background Throughout history, children have been abused and failed. This is said to be a final result of the low value placed on children. (Weisberg) The maltreatment of children has its roots in ancient times. Two examples from the parole that stand out are when a Pharaoh orders babies to be killed during Moses time and when King Herod instructs the killing of infants during Christs birth. It is said that children were considered property in ancient times and were easily sold, mutilated, killed or used as free for the gods. (Volpe) This disregard for children continued until the Middle Ages. During this period, unwanted children served as apprentices while those with deformities were declared omens of evil and were killed. (Child Abuse) Parents and even teachers in the Medieval Period believed that beating the child was the norm for instilling discipline. (Snell) Because society did not see it defame parents teach their children by way of spanking or hitting the latter, most of the reported cases of child abuse were between masters and servants, who were children. (Child Abuse) The case of Mary Allen McCormack in 1874 was the first time a victim of child abuse was brought out in the open. McCormack had been given up for adoption and was physically abused by her adopted mother until her neighbors brought her case to the Department of Public Charities and Corrections. (Markel) Ironically, the case was initiated by the American Society for the Prevention of abrasiveness to Animals as there were no laws to protect children from physical abuse inflicted by parents. Fortunately, the case triggered movements for the formu lation and enforcement of laws to cede and protect abused children. (Watkins) Forms of Child Abuse According to the World Health Organization, child abuse and neglect is defined as all forms of physical and emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect, and exploitation that results in actual or potential harm to the childs health, development or dignity. (Child Maltreatment) somatogenic abuse, sexual abuse, neglect and thoughtless treatment, emotional abuse and exploitation are the five types of child abuse. Each of these may be draw in various ways in different nations. In the United States for example, although the Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) gives the minimum criterion for physical child abuse, child neglect, and sexual abuse, it besides only defines sexual abuse and special cases concerning withholding or failing to provide medically indicated treatment. (Pecora, et. al.) Physical abuse is generally inflicting bodily harm to a child when in an ger. The trauma should be non-accidental. This is withal referred to battered child syndrome. People who beat children are often those abused themselves when they were young. Nevertheless, alcoholism, domestic violence, drug abuse, neediness of education, poverty and being a single parent can increase the risk of abuse. (Child Abuse -

Thinking about Publishing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Thinking about produce - Essay Examplewhen you venture of authors, what do you think motivates authors to want to publish their work, and why do you think they might choose the item forms they choose like printed books, ebooks, blogs, newspapers, etc?Authors publish their works with an aim of disseminating their written work to the public in a more appealing way. The create information can either be fictional or non-fictional. Publishing non-fictional works has always been a valid choice for many authors, especially those who have a unshakable foundation as well as means of distribution (Konrath).3. What be some unalike formats of published work and specific publications you yourself generally read? Be as specific as you can. (This could entangle websites, newspapers, magazines, email newsletters, books, ebooks, textbooks, novels, comics, etc)There are different formats of published works. These formats include books, textbooks, novels, magazines, websites, and newspapers, among other formats. In book publishing, there are different types of book publishers, depending on the market of the book. Those who publish books found in most bookstores are professional publishers, academic publishers, and self-publishing services (Konrath).4. In your own life, what are some interesting things youve noticed about publishing? This might include changes youve seen over the course of your life (like maybe you bought an e-reader and your experience of books changed). Or it might include differences you see between publishing in the US and publishing in another country where youve lived or visited. Or it might include your experiences reading articles for school online vs. reading printed textbooks. Anything that comes to mind is greatIn my integral academic life I have witnessed a lot when it comes to publishing. I have seen many changes in the course of my life. I once bought an e-reader which totally changed my experience of books. In addition, in the course of visiting different countries to pursue my

Review of manuscript Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Review of manuscript - Essay ExamplePrevious studies had suggested that many pests show an outgrowth in population growth in a host crop which is nitrogen enriched. The current look for was done in an area measuring 150m by 32m in New South Wales. It used quaternarysome different treatments which were applied to the trial plot by means of broadcasting methods.I hereby back up that this particular manuscript has not been published anywhere or considered by any other journal. I have approved the manuscript and agreed to its submission. I would like to thank the editor and the reviewer for the informatory and instructive comments they made. The comments have greatly improved the manuscript. I look forward to the journals response.In the study that was carried out, it was quite apparent that the statistical power was dependent on factors that included the statistical meaning criterion, the management of the effect of interest and the sample size used. In order to limit the Type I e rror, which may result from these factors, the data was collected in five transects with each being divided into four replicates. By creating transects and replicates, it was possible to limit the occurrence of type I error while at the like time ensuring that the reliability of the data was enhanced. The higher the number of transects, the lower the probability of Type I occurring in the study.In the ANOVA analysis, the main assumptions made were related to the normality and the homogeneity of the data collected in the study. It was assumed that normality and constant variance would be present in the data. To check the assumptions, a upright parametric procedure involving the detection of the outliers was used. Since outliers have the potential of impacting on and influencing the homogeneity of the data variance, it was checked to batten down that the assumptions made were inherent in the data. The method for checking

The Environmental Impact Assessment Process Essay

The Environmental Impact Assessment Process - Essay ExampleEIA has the potential of raw(a) down on costs abstruse in an unanticipated environmental impact (PADC, 2007, pg.7). The costs involved in facilitating the changes that have to be made upon completion of the project, due to environmental effects, will be much than the costs involved in trying to avoid the harmful ramifications (EIA, 2015).The processes involved in coming up with an EIA report may not necessarily translate to a delay in the planning of the project. However, discover has shown that delays experienced in the planning of projects can be noteworthyly reduced with an effective EIA that will wind to saving time and costs.The exact period of coming up with an EIA may range from anywhere between three months to two years. The time depends on factors such as the nature of the project, its location and availability of search data. It is highly recommended that the process of EIA be integrated with other project pl anning activities so that it can be carried aside at the same time with the rest of the project. The integration will enable saving of time, thus avoiding delays as a result of the EIA planning.The EIA process raises environmental issues that have to be put into consideration when carrying out the planning of any project. The EIA has the potential of necessitating the redesigning or delaying of a project. It can also offer suggestions that can be made on the project once it has been found out that the project can cause significant impacts on the environment. An effective EIA will have the effect of cutting down on costs and delays that other than would have affected the planning of the project. Therefore, EIA makes a significant difference to projects and decision-making once it has been approved.2. Critically review the voice of consultation and public participation (CPP) in the EIA process. Indicate the benefits and difficulties associated with undertaking CPP at respective(a) stages and in involving various types of stakeholders, and discuss the main methods of achieving effective CPP. Use examples as appropriate in your answer.

Selling own common stocks Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Selling feature popular stocks - Research Paper eccentricThese methods are open market, fixed price tender, private negotiation, repurchase and Dutch auction. It was in the late twentieth century that there was enormous increase in the shares volume repurchase in American, which rose from $5 billion in the year 1980 to $349 billion in the year 2005 (Stock Buybacks).It has been noted that the think behind the corporations enormous amount of repurchase and selling of their own common shares is subjected to more or less conflicting interpretations. However there is no satisfactory explanation to these changes that occurred in the repurchasing activity of these corporations over the pull round few decades. The dramatic increase in the repurchase of open market shares occurred in 1990s and some(prenominal) factor led to its development. One of the factors is considered to be the improved regulatory environment which supported the repurchase of common stock which resulted from the a daption of rule 10b-18 introduced by the Security and Exchange Commission, or SEC in the year 1982. other factor that contributed to the repurchase is considered to be economic conditions. This paper discusses the reasons why corporation sell and purchase their own stock.A study was conducted regarding the open market repurchases which concluded that it is the changes in the compensation policies that often led to the changes in the payout policy. The result also indicates that the firm usually announces repurchases when executives pay off several different options outstanding and when the employees too have several options present that are exercisable. Once the firm makes the decision of being engaged in a repurchase, the amount of stock repurchase can be positively related to the total number of options that were exercisable by the workers, independent of the option that the executives had. The result of this study remains consistent with the managers repurchasing both for fundi ng

Automating computer usual processes Essay Example for Free

Automating computer usual appendagees EssayNowadays, almost all kinds of establishments argon relying on computers for automating their usual processes. Most of the manual of arms establishments in offices ar replaced by the automated systems which engross computer technology. Moreover, computers rescue as well diminished the total manual works and the effectiveness of employees has also increased because of the dependence of establishments on computer technology. It helps also to perform the routine business tasks much quicker comp ared to the manual port of doing things. development processing system nowadays is no longer considered a luxury but rather a necessity with the effect of information technology 1 We are in the so-called information age, and every transaction at every phase of the establishments depends on modern computing. As observed, there are already m whatever manual systems that are being replaced by the computerized ones. Some of these are the payrol l, sales and observe, point of sale, enrollment, grading, library, and otherwise related to systems.. consolidation with the people in the society is in demand for take place.The relation field of Information applied science concerns the use of computer-based information system to convert, process, protect, share, store, transmits and retrieve information. Technologies have brought us more advances on personal computer, to build innovative industries and change the lifestyle of each individual. These advances became more powerful and more productive for simultaneous growth in society and industries. Using Internet is one of the medium of todays communication, people easily link in the stream events in their community and even outside their places and acquire necessary information in just a short period of time. 2As the saying goes, Nothing is permanent than change so as with Information Technology. This field exit continue to prosper and continue to help change lives by am end it. Although most people, especially in the Philippines still prefer the old ways or manual transactions, the future tense Filipino generations testament eventually embrace change and not only that, but also be the one to provide change through the future students and graduates that will courageously take this field.Every fleck of information is now considered as a powerful tool hence it should be used and coped with the end caution. This mere reason prompts many establishments to produce their own systemthat will protect information. The Bicol Consortium for wellness Research and Development (BCHRD) was established to address the vivacious health condition in the Bicol domain. It is a set up system involving various institutions in the region with interest in health investigate. The BCHRD was created upon the partnership with Philippine national health Research System (PNHRS), Regional Development Council (RDC) with the member institutions of Department of Health ( DOH) ,Bicol Regional and provision And Teaching Hospital(BRTTH), Commision on Higher Education (CHED) , Bicol University (BU), Catanduanes State University (CSU), University of Saint Anthony, Ago Medical and Educational plaza (AMEC), Atedeo de Naga, University of Nueva Caseres, Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges, Aquinas University of Legazpi (AUl), Department of Science and Technology (DOST), Bicol Medical Center, Partido State University (PSU) .Universidad de Santa Isabel.The existing health condition in the region necessities the establishment of a strong health query and drawment (RD) arrange system involving various institution in the region with interest in health look into. Putting them unneurotic to work on consortium arrangement will promote complementation, thereby increase the synergy despite limited resources for RD undertakings. The Bicol Consortium for Health Research and Development (BCHRD) was therefore established to address the afore mentioned concerns. The primarily stopping point and objective of BCHRD is to institute/strengthen the system collaboration in Bicol to bob up and enhance the capacity of research institution within the region which have interest and engage in health related researches, as a strategy to improve the health condition of Bicolanos ad hocally the consortium aims to (a) Undertake and/or spear-point health related Research and Development (RD) activities (b) Establish a collaborative system for effective share and utilization of physical, financial and manpower resources among member-institution as well encourage the active involvement of non-members that will fave the way for expanding the membership of consortium(c) Promote an effective collaboration and harmonious working relationship between among member-institutions in the conduct of researches in health, nutriment related fields (d) Encourage, generate and provide funds for health related researches in accordance with the health and nutrition priori tyareas/sectors indicated in the plans of the Regional Development Council (RDC) and the Philippine topic Health Research System (PNHRS) (e) Develop the capability in manpower, facilities and other infrastructure for health and nutrition and other related researches (f) Effectively promote the proper utilization of health research findings (g) Serve as clearing house for all health related researches (h) Establish linkages/network within and outside the region and (i) Institute a mechanism and implement strategies for a sustained visibility of the consortium and ensure a long- bourn viability of the consortium. Monitoring system is not just used in the field of industry it has also a very significant role in up(p) the quality of education in the untaught (Philippines).Once this technological approach is implemented a full assurance that the aimed quality of educational system will be able to reach its peak of being more organized and well meliorate system In terms of paper work s, these two types of management system can easily manage the projects through having an Proposal supervise system. Archiving system refers to the process of moving data through an automated memory device that helps the people to access the data easily. Before, an archival record was identified with manuscripts or with written records. old age passed by, archival record refers to recorded information, specifically in paper-based transforming it to automated form method. Implementing an archiving system of records can do task of organizing, monitoring and easy generation of reports.On the other hand, all the Research marriage proposal that are pending, denied or approve must be monitored in order to ease the different operations and functions of organizations. In this study, monitoring system for the research proposal of the institution is the most needed to work to. This system updates the current status of the research project. In addition, monitoring system has a significant ro le in improving the quality of the implemented projects to be able to reach its goal. Because of its function, they are having problems in a certain field. They take care to have problems in the management of projects from time to time. In addition, the increasing burden of creating and maintaining the archive of projects. Their file retentivity is full of projects making it a burden when finding a needed project. This study aimed to create a system for the Bicol Consortium forHealth Research and Development. It covered the storing and updating of projects that are processed in the subdivision and also uploading projects in the system that can be retrieved easily.Statement of objectiveGeneral ObjectivesThis study aims to develop a research proposal and monitoring management system for the Bicol Consortium for Health Research and Development.Specific Objectives1.) To create a system that will facilitate research proposal and monitor status for approval.2.) To develop a monitoring system for all on-going researches.3.) To record all pending, approved and rejected proposals, and on-going and completed research of the health proponent/researcher.4.) To create a secure system for monitoring of research proposals and projects.5.) To generate reports on the status of research projects and proposals.Scope of the SystemCheck the requirements for filing a proposalKeep track of the status of the proposalKeep track of the researchs accomplishments and budgetsMonitor progress of ongoing researchScope and DelimitationThis study is about Bicol Consortium for Health Research and Development. This will cover the checking of requirements the tracking and monitoring of the proposal. It has the overall planning, coordination, and control of a project from beginning to completion. The system records the detailed planning, proposed, on-going and finished projects in the department. Oldfiles were also scanned and be saved as pdf. The secretary, regional administrator, institu tion vanguard and all the member of the health research were given privileged to view the system. The employees may ask the administrator of each section if they need files that were in the system.The head administrator provides admin accounts for each section head. The proposal monitoring management system has different sections for the storage of projects (proposed, on-going and finished projects) and it provided easy access to the projects status and tracks the finished projects that are archived. Old and new files are archived in this system. The date could only be searched, retrieved and printed. The archive could be searched by date, name etc. As for the proposal monitoring management system, it provided an automated monitoring and checking the status of ongoing research development. It has additional features, like the user is notified for the reminders of the agency and the system is secured by providing administrator restrictions.On the other hand, the proposed system woul d not include other health researcher that are not member of the institutions that are part of BCHRD. The study only focused on the automation of storage of all projects that would be do and were done, monitoring its status among various sections of PDMO and provide an automated maintenance plan in monitoring, checking and repairing of items.Significance of the take upThe result of the study will benefit the followingBicol University.College of Science One of the four-fold functions of a university or any academic institution is research. This study will be another contribution to the research achievements of the university. BCHRD (Bicol Consortium for Health Research and Development).This lessened the manual labor of the agency through the use of the system which operates the research projects and monitoring plans for BCHRD.Employee. The system helped the employee to do their job efficiently, properly and effectively. Students This study will serve as an educationaland adduce ma terial for their future studies and undertakings. This may also give an idea on making their own versions of the existing software, thus presenting their own modifications.Researchers. This study which is connected to the Research Proposal Monitoring and Management System will improved the researchers knowledge in programming skills and their sense of responsibility.Future Researchers. Students who will undertake future research projects can use this study as reference material. This will provide the future researches sufficient information with regards to system development.Definition of TermsFor better understanding of the study, the following terms were defined operationally or concepltually Research Proposal an study that request time and fund from instition Monitoring Management System the process of checking the updates and status of ongoing health research Proponent in this study the proponent is the person who is requsting or conducting health researh Storage. , this term re fers to the method of storing finished and proposed projects for future use. Secure System in this study this term refers to a system that cannot be easily tamper the information that is stored.EDIT OR E-REVISE NIONotes1 The Grolier cyclopaedia of Knowledge, USA Grolier Incorporated, 1995 (accessed on May 19, 2014 905am) 2http//my.safaribooksonline.com/book/information-technology-and-software-development/9788131760291/information-technology-basics/ch008006 (Accessed on May 20, 2014 218PM) What is Information Technology?.

Accounting Environment Essay Example for Free

score Environment Essay learning Outcomes At the end of this chapter the students should be able to ?Explain the meaning and purpose of news report ?Describe the parting of bill as a schooling system ? Describe why account statement is considered as the verbiage of trade ? Assess the impact of external milieual factors on business relationship Introduction Accounting has evolved and emerged as most other fields of human activity in response to the social and frugal take of society.Today be is moving away from its traditional procedural base, encompassing come in keeping and relate activities towards the adoption of a role which emphasizes its social importance. In this context, this introductory chapter of the course manual deals with the definition of score, drop of report as an information system and the dustup of business, use uprs of score information and the impact of external environment on invoice. Definition of Accounting The question what is mea nt by accounting has not been answered precisely. Instead on that point be many definitions on accounting.Some of these definitions be considered in this section to identify the purpose and tends of accounting. The Committee on Terminology of the American Institute of Certified habitual Accountants (AICPA) formulated the compriseers definition on accounting in 1941. Accounting is the art of recording, classifying and summarizing in a significant manner and in shapes of money, minutes and events which argon, in part at least, of a fiscal character, and interpreting the results thereof. This definition of AICPA, USA has been quoted for many years. However, it defines accounting only from the point of view of what it does.Hence, it does not clearly establish the purpose of accounting. On the other hand, the following definition provided by the American Accounting Association (AAA) in 1961 emphasizes the broader perspective of accounting. This definition focuses on accounting as an aid to decision-making. Accounting is the process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit intercommunicate judgements and decisions by users of the information. In 1970, AICPA of USA provided the following definition on accounting with reference to the concept of information.The depot decimal information used in this definition is wider in scope than financial or economic information used in previous definitions. Accounting is a service activity. Its function is to provide quantitative information primarily financial in nature about economic activities that is intended to be recyclable in making economic decisions. Both definitions of AAA and AICPA say that accounting is considered not merely with record keeping. Instead it involves with a whole range of activities. These dickens definitions emphasize on using accounting information for decision making purposes.Both internal parties of an placement (e. g. managers) and extracurricular parties (e. g. owners, creditors, government) use accounting information in making decisions that affect the organization. Although these definitions have looked at accounting from different perspectives, they have been able to set the term of accounting. They have established the nature of accounting and the purpose for which it is used. Hence, based on these definitions, it can be give tongue to that accounting is primarily pertain with the provision of information to unlike stakeholders of an organization to be used in decision making.Accounting as an Information System AAA definition on accounting implies two phases (1) identifying and measuring economic information and (2) communicating economic information to users (stakeholders of an organisation) for decision making purposes. These two phases show that accounting acts as an information system in an organisation. The accounting process involves recoding and processing of proceedings and events of an entity that had occu rred during a specific period of time, and communicating the information relevant to processed transactions and events to aid decision-making of various users of accounting information.As an information system, accounting links an information source or transmitter (prepargonr/s of information), a channel of communication (financial and other statements/reports) and a set of receivers (users of information/stakeholders of an organization). The Figure 1 shows how accounting functions as an information system in business and economic decisions. In the accounting system, transactions and events be the input and the statements of reports given to decision-makers ar the output. Figure 1 Accounting as an Information System in Business and Economic DecisionsData Source Lal, J. (2005), Corporate Financial Reporting conjecture and Practice, second edition, Taxmann allied go (Pvt) Ltd, New Delhi. Accounting as the Language of Business Accounting is often called the language of business be cause it is considered as the main mean of communicating information about a business. This reference to accounting as the language of business is observed by Ijiri (1975) as follows As the language of business, accounting has many things in common with other languages.The various business activities of a firm are reported in accounting statements using accounting language, just as reported news events are reported in newspapers, in the English Language. To express an event in accounting or in English we must follow certain rules. Without following certain rules diligently, not only does one run the risk of being misunderstand but also risks a penalty for misinterpretation, lying or perjury. Comparability of statements is essential to the effective surgical procedure of a language whether it is in English or in Accounting.At the same time, language has to be flexible to adapt to a changing environment. A language broadly has two components symbols and rules. In accounting too, the se two components are available. In accounting, numerals and words, and debits and credits are accepted symbols and they are unique to the accounting discipline. The rules in accounting refer to the general set of procedures followed in creating financial information for an entity. Anthony and Reece (1991) draw a collimate betwixt accounting and language as follows. Accounting resembles a language in that some of its rules are definite whereas others are not.Accountants differ as to how a given event should be reported, just as grammarians differ as to many matters of sentence structure, punctuation and choice of words. Nevertheless, just as many practices are clearly poor English (language), many practices are definitely poor accounting. Languages evolve and change in response to the changing needs of society, and so does accounting. Users of Accounting Information There is an array of users (or stakeholders) who make use of accounting information for decision making. These user groups include present and otential investors, managers, employees, lenders, suppliers, customers, analysts, media, government, and the general public. However, with the broadening of the accountability of organizations, they are accountable to a large group of stakeholders, some of them not clearly known or place by the organizations. These users can be broadly categorized as internal and external users of accounting information. The term internal users refers to parties in spite of appearance an organization that make decisions directly affecting its internal operations and this category usually includes managers and employees of an entity.All other users can be grouped under the term external users, which refer to parties outside the organization that make decisions concerning their relationship to the organization. These two major classifications of users have led to a distinction between two main areas of accounting financial accounting and management accounting. The primar y quill concern of financial accounting is to provide information to external user groups. On the other hand, the management accounting is primarily concerned with the provision of information to internal user groups. These users have diverse information needs.However, among these diverse needs too, there are common information needs. The financial statements of an entity that provide information about its financial performance, financial position, and changes in financial position address these information needs common to all users. As these financial statements are prepared to meet the information needs of a cross-section of users, they are known as common-purpose (general-purpose) financial statements. However, these financial statements do not provide all the information that users need to make decisions since they largely give the financial effects of past transactions and events.The responsibility to prepare and present financial statements lies with the management of an enti ty. As general-purpose financial statements meet the information needs of users who are unable to command the preparation of financial reports of an entity, the government has imposed regulations to govern these financial statements. These regulations are intended to protect the public interest. External environmental Factors influencing Accounting The pace and change in external environmental factors have a profound watch on business organizations and the way in which they are managed.These factors could be social, economic, political, legal or technological. Accounting, as the language of business and its information system is also affected by these changes. The changing conditions in the external environment have confronted accounting with a number of challenges that should be recognized, accepted and addressed to ensure its relevance and usefulness. This has make accounting to change and grow over the years to meet social requirements and to guide business and labor requireme nts. Thus, understanding accounting requires understanding the environment within which accounting operates and which it is intended to reflect.The society has been subjected to political, social, economic and technological change. These changes have resulted in globalization, the rise of informed and selective customers, the development of information technology and etc. These changes in the external environment factors are reflected in business organizations through the shift in business types and be profiles, increase in strategic decision making and greater emphasis on survival. The changing conditions within business organizations lead accounting to change in order to meet the new requirements resulted from these changes.The areas requiring changes in accounting include selection of data, information processing, dissemination of information, role of accounting standards, assumptions and perspectives of accounting, and uses and impact of accounting information. Thus, todays rap idly changing environment is forcing accounting to reassess its role and function both within the organization and society. Although challenges imposed by different environmental factors on accounting could be discussed separately, they should be viewed from a holistic perspective.This is because the power of potential improvement lies in the cohesion of the changes rather than in individual items. The changing conditions in the business environment will shape the future for accounting. The environment within which business and accounting function operate has become increasing complex. One of its characteristic features is that many social, economic, political, legal and technological influences that create unbroken change in that environment and these in turn impact on accounting and its product, accounting information.However, it is sometimes criticized that accounting has not been able to keep pace with this changing conditions in the external environment. Summary This chapter p rovides an overview of accounting based on its nature and purpose, users of accounting information and impact of external environment on accounting. The primary objective of accounting is to provide information that can be used by the stakeholders of an organization (users of accounting information) in making their decisions. These decisions could have a bearing on the resource allocation process in the country and thereby on the economic growth and development of the country.However, the role and functions of accounting cannot be considered in isolation from the social-political-economic context within which it is operating. The rapidly changing external environment is posing many challenges to accounting and it needs to adapt to these changing conditions. This requires a continual process of renewal and improvement in accounting. References American Accounting Association (1966), A Statement of Basic Accounting Theory, AAA. American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA ) (1941), Review and Resume, Accounting Terminology Bulletin, No. . American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) (1970), Basic Concepts and Accounting Principles underlying Financial Statements of Business Enterprises, Accounting Principles Board Statement No. 4, Anthony, R. N. and Reece, J. S. (1991), Accounting Principles, Richard D Irwin. Ijiri, Y. (1975), Theory of Accounting Measurement, Research Report, No. 10, AAA. Lal, J. (2005), Corporate Financial Reporting Theory and Practice, second edition, Taxmann Allied Services (Pvt) Ltd, New Delhi.

The Fault In Our Stars Summary Essay Example for Free

The pick In Our Stars Summary EssayThe Fault in our Stars by John Green is an outstanding novel and one of Greens vanquish works. It tells a modern story about a girl named Hazel trying to live the like a normal teenager. However this is non the easiest thing in the world for her because wherever she goes, she must go for an oxygen tank with her as a result of her having genus Cancer. However at a teen crabby person support group, she meets Augustus Waters, a very different yet similar person to her. This novel tells a sweet, ugly love story about pain, miracle, adoration, and inspiration about how to overcome obstacles in lifeAugustus Waters is mortal who probably would not be a probable match for Hazel. He lives life with uncertainty because his crabby person is not 100% cured. Hazel lives upon diagnosis. She accepts that she will die soon and doesnt want to hurt Augustus because she knows he had been hurt that way before. Hazel spends her time inside her home all da y reading the alike(p) book over and over again, and oddly enough decides to share it with Augustus. He seems to have his own hidden reason for loving the book as much as she does.Augustus uses his wish from the Wish foundation for cancer patients to take Hazel and her mother to Amsterdam to meet the author who wrote the book they both admire. They unfortunately catch out that the author they had come to meet is a repugnant jerk and they leave soon after arriving. legion(predicate) of the situations that both teens encounter are very realistic and relatable. There are m each repugnant jerks in the world and most of the time, the only mature thing to do is walk away. There are also people like Hazels mother, who knows Hazels situation and knows the trip will sit her at risk but understands that Hazel needs to do something exciting in her life and waiver on vacation with a boy whom she loves will make her happy.When they return to Indiana, Hazel soon discovers that Augustus is not well. With everything that has happened in her life, she is the one is left angry at the world. She doesnt seem to understand how someone as astounding as Augustus had to have a terrible fate that she had once accepted was upon herself. The most terrible things endlessly happen to the people who deserve it the least. There really must be a fault in our stars.Although I do not have cancer and I do not have any life-threatening diseases, this book was important to me. The Fault in our Stars shows that no matter what the circumstances are, you can always prove yourself wrong and keep at things even though they get tough. John Green has captured the stem of true love and overcoming obstacles in the best way possible.

Obligation Definition Essay Example for Free

Obligation Definition EssayThe question presented in this discussion is definitely one that has no easy answer. I will start by saying, a obligation is defined by what a person is bound to from either tradition or law. If I took a relative approach I would say that morals and ethical obligation are subjective. I personally believe that to a extent humans do have a obligation to animals. To go out of your way to depict cruelty to any creature illustrates a flaw in your avow character. However, humans dont have to have a diet that includes meat but most do. Even in these cases the way that the livestock is going to be treated does not have to be treated cruelly, or put in discomfort.I remember watching a show in which the farmer said, that his overawe tasted so good because they lived a happy life. In many ways he treated the awe akin to a pet, by feeding them properly, making sure their living quarters are clean, and presentation them affection. His belief was that by doing this his cows meat was more tender, then if he hadnt done these practices. Do I believe this maybe, maybe not. However, this does illustrate that the livestock that we consume does not have to be treated in a cruel manner. Yet, in theory in our society animals do not perform any function but companionship and food, which means humans really dont have a obligation to them. However, I feel it is boorish to depict cruelty to any creature or anyone.

A Dolls House - Henrik Ibsen Essay Example for Free

A Dolls House Henrik Ibsen essayHenrik Ibsens in one of his most revolutionary plays, A Dolls House, filled his set and narrative with symbols that emphasised the inclination that above everything, one must be an individual. Doors, macaroons and the tarantella are all symbols that are utilise by Ibsen to convey to the audience that the life of Nora and Torvald isnt what it seems to the naked eye. The doors in the dolls house set, are emphasised, to symbolise the separate worlds Nora and Torvald stretch forth in the illusive macaroons symbolise the control Torvald has over his wife and the wild tarantella leaping is symbolic of Noras desire to escape from her restricted and heavily defined existence. Doors in A Dolls House are not plainly a wooden blocks that can be used as a thoroughfare mingled with rooms they are used to distinguish between the deuce different spheres, Noras sphere and Torvalds sphere. All through and throughout the play, Nora never enters her husband s world. Guests for Torvald were instructed to not come in here (Noras living room), and they went on into Torvalds study. As Krogstad slammed the door on the way out of his house, Noras world was smashed into a million shards of tiny fragile pieces. The character of Nora is displace into a spiral of depression, anxiety and out-right craziness that turned a seemingly normal dance into a 19th century movement of oppressed sensations.The macaroons that Nora possesses in the beginning of the play are more than equitable a common snack. Nora has the macaroons in the early stages of the play, with Torvald around. They give the audience the knowledge of Noras child- uniform behaviour and emotions. All through A Dolls House, Torvald treats Nora like an inexperienced child, and the macaroons are one of many indications of this. She offers it to guests as they enter her world, but not to her husband, in which she hides them from him. The child-like behaviour is also witnessed in the scene where Nora is playing with her children, calling them little dolls and playing with them like they are her friends and shes not their mother. This child-like behaviour was encouraged by Torvald, by simple nicknames, such as divert and mockingbird, to make Nora be more immature towards Torvald and keeping her youthfulness that he liked so much.The disreputable dance, the tarantella, was an expression of the oppressed society that woman had to go through in the 19th century. The tarantella was used to convey emotions that woman couldnt express in normal, everyday life. They used new(a) energy to express that raw emotion. In A Dolls House, Nora uses, just as other woman have, to express and release the oppressed emotion that was given by Torvald towards her. In the scene where Nora is dancing for Torvald as practice of the dance and Dr. Rank comes in, Torvald keeps apprisal Nora to stop it and do it as I said. Nora is completely oblivious to Torvald and keeps on dancing in her pro test style. Dr. Rank comes in and takes over Torvalds role as piano player to fuel the flame that Nora was burning. The dance becomes more and more wild as the scene progresses, until the music stops and Nora is just still. The oppressive jiffy of woman in the 19th century created this dance.A Dolls House uses this symbols of child-like behaviour, different worlds and an oppressed dance to argue the audience that the world of the 19th century wasnt a blissful place where men and woman were constitute in everything they had rights to, like they do now. Torvald showed that he was a man of conformity and tried his best to bend his family into the social norms of the time. Torvald never let Nora have her way and treated her like a child, making her double back into one and even making her be his child. She was scared to wrong by her husband, even hiding a simple sweet from him so he wouldnt find out that she was eating it.By the end of A Dolls House , Nora grows up. After the probl ems arisen by Krogstad, she learns that her husband isnt her saviour anymore and she doesnt love him. The party ended when Torvald cute to leave. Nora got home and changed out of her formal attire, and into outdoor wear, making Torvald wonder, Why are you dressed like that? The winning off of her formal clothes gives the impression that Nora is now taking off her old life, her oppressed life, and starting signal afresh. After an emotional discussion with Torvald, she ends up leaving him and the children. Walking out of her house, through the door, again is represent the end of something. This time its Noras life with Torvald. As the door closes, this time its Torvald who breaks d induce, mirroring Noras emotions when Krogstad leaves theletter in the letter box. symbolization is a major part in any play, even more so in A Dolls House. The emotion scenes with Nora, Torvald, Dr. Rank and even Krogstad wouldnt be the same without objects such as the doors or macaroons, or the two di fferent spheres dividing Noras world and Torvalds. The dance itself plays a vital role of showing emotion without the notice of Noras own husband. Without such devices, A Dolls House wouldnt be the same revolutionary play that we see today it would just be mere words on a page.BibliographyA Dolls House Henrik Ibsen

Equivalence in Translation Essay Example for Free

Equivalence in edition Essay maestroly, however, the term edition is confined to the scripted, and the term interpretation to the spoken (Newmark, 1991 35). If confined to a scripted speech, comment is a cover term with ternary distinguishable meanings 1) translating, the set up to work (to translate the activity or else than the tangible object), 2) a rendering the product of the process of translating (e. g. the translated school text editionbook), and 3) translation the abstract concept which encompasses both the process of translating and the product of that process Bell (1991 13).The term translation used and discussed throughout this paper is confined to the written language, and refers to both the product and process of translating. The definitions of translation suggested above imply that producing the selfsame(prenominal) meaning or centre in the tail end language text as intended by the original author is the chief(prenominal) objective of a trans lator. This notion of monotony is often understood as an comparing relation mingled with the source and target texts.This com space-reflection symmetrybility relation is generally conside trigger-happy the most salient feature of a tincture translation. 2. Problems of Equivalence The principle that a translation should beat an equivalence relation with the source language text is problematic. There are three main reasons why an exact equivalence or impression is gruelling to achieve. Firstly, it is im likely for a text to have constant interpretations unconstipated for the same person on both occasions (Hervey, Higgins and Haywood (1995 14).According to these translation scholars before angiotensin-converting enzyme could objectively assess textual effects, one would requisite to have recourse to a fairly detailed and exact speculation of psychological effect, a theory capable, among other things, of giving an account of the aesthetic sensations that are of ten paramount in response to a text (Hervey, Higgins and Haywood (1995 14). Secondly, translation is a matter of subjective interpretation of translators of the source language text. Thus, producing an objective effect on the target text readers, which is the same as that on the source text readers is an unrealistic expectation.Thirdly, it whitethorn not be possible for translators to determine how audiences responded to the source text when it was first produced (ibid, p. 14). Miao (2000) gives a specific typeface of the impossibility of the equivalence relation If an original was written centuries ago and the language of the original is difficult to cross for modern readers, then a simplified translation may well have greater blow on its readers that the original had on the readers in the source culture.No translator would hinder the readers comprehension by employ absolute ruminations in order to achieve equivalent effect (Miao, 2000 202) Because the target text cigarette never be equivalent to the source text at all levels, researchers have distinguished contrasting types of equivalence (Lauscher, 2000 151). Nida (1964) suggests operateal and dynamical or functional equivalence. Formal equivalence focuses attention on the put across itself, in both form and content. It requires that the gist in the target language should match as close as possible the different elements in the source language (p.159).Dynamic equivalence is based on the principle of equivalent effect, where the relationship between the receptor and nub should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message (p. 159). Newmark (1981) makes a distinction between communicative and se humanstic translation. Like Nidas dynamic equivalence, communicative translation also tries to create the effect on the target text reader which is the same as that received by readers of the source language text.Koller (1997) propose s denotative, connotative, pragmatic, textual, formal and aesthetic equivalence. Munday (2001) describes these five different types of equivalence as follows 1. Denotative equivalence is related to equivalence of the extralinguistic content of a text. 2. Connotative equivalence is related to the lexical choices, especially between near-synonyms. 3. Text-normative equivalence is related to text types, with texts behaving in different ways. 4. pragmatic sanction equivalence, or communicative equivalence, is oriented towards the receiver of the text or message. 5.Formal equivalence is related to the form and aesthetics of the text, includes countersignature of honor plays and the individual stylistic features of the source text (p. 47). Baker (1992) classifies various problems of equivalence in translation and suggests some strategies to deal with them. Adopting a bottom-up approach, she begins with simple terminology and phrases and continues with grammatical, textual a nd pragmatic equivalences. 3. Strategies to lap up problems of equivalence As has been mentioned above, problems of equivalence occur at various levels, ranging from word to textual level.The equivalence problems bug out due to semantic, socio-cultural, and grammatical differences between the source language and the target language. These three areas of equivalence problems are intertwined with one another. The meaning(s) that a word refers to are culturally bound, and in most cases the meaning(s) of a word can lonesome(prenominal) be understood through its context of use. Due to semantic, socio-cultural, grammatical differences between the source language and the target language, loss and attachment of information in translation cannot be avoided.Basnett-McGuire (1991) states that once the principle is accepted that sameness cannot exist between the two languages, it is possible to approach the apparent motion of loss and gain in the translation process (p. 30). Bell (1991 6) suggests a similar point that something is always lost or, one might suggest, gained in the process, and according to Nida (1975), all types of translation involve 1) loss of information, 2) addition of information, and /or 3) skewing of information (p. 27). To conform to the stylistic demands and grammatical approach patterns of the target language, structural valuation reserve in translation is inevitably needed.These possibilities are expanded below. 3. 1 auxiliary of information Information which is not present in the source language text may be added to the target language text. According to Newmark (1988 91), information added to the translation is normally cultural (accounting for the differences between SL and TL culture), technical (relating to the topic), or linguistic (explaining wayward use of words). The additional information may be put in the text (i. e. by putting it in brackets) or out of the text (i.e. by using a footnote or annotation) .such(prenominal) additional information is regarded as an extra explanation of culture-specific concepts (Baker, 1992) and is imposed specification for comprehension purposes. Native speakers of Batak Tapanuli language (the native language of Batak residential area in North Sumatra), for example, have the word marhusip which literally means to whisper. If the word marhusip is used in the context of discussing marriage within the community in question, its meaning is more than to whisper. It refers specifically to a situation where family members of the bride meet family members of the organize to talk nigh the dowry. In the meeting, family members of the bride whisper with one another while deciding the amount of dowry they ask from the groom. Family members of the groom also do they same thing while deciding whether to accept or reject it. In this context, the word marhusip may be translated into to whisper, but additional information to clarify the meaning of marhusip i s needed to swear out target readers understand its underlying concept. Addition of information for specification purposes is also postulate if ambiguity occurs in the receptor language formation and if the fact that greater specificity may be required so as to avoid misleading reference (Nida, 1964 227). It would be misleading, for example, if the word men in Tannen is an apologist for men is translated into para pria in Indonesian. The reason is that it does not actually refer to men in general but to American men in particular, who became the focus of Tannens study on male-female interactions.It can be argued that translators should add the word Amerika to the Indonesian version to avoid ambiguity or to avoid a misleading interpretation of the outcomes of the study by Indonesian readers (Nababan, 2003). Amplification from implicit to explicit status is another factor that requires additions. In relation to this, Nida (1964) states that Copernican semantic elements ca rried implicitly in the source language may require explicit identification in the receptor language (p. 227).In a given context, the meaning of the metre, This rule is to round to the nearest even number, is implicitly tell and can easily be understood by readers of the original text (See Nababan, 1989 and 1999) If translated into Indonesian, an addition of information of suatu angka yang berada pada dua batas kategori (a number lying between two categories) and alteration of word class (the active verb membulatkan into the nonoperational verb dibulatkan) are required to achieve grammaticality and produce an explicit meaning for Indonesian readers. It is by convention the Indonesian transitive verb membulatkan, as the equivalence of to round, needs an object. In such case, that sentence should be rendered into Target sentence Menurut aturan pembulatan ini, suatu angka yang berada pada batas dua kategori dibulatkan ke angka genap terdekat. Back-translation According to the rule, a number lying between two categories is rounded to the nearest even number. Addition of information may also be required due to the shift of voice and the alteration of word classes to avoid misinterpretation (Nida, 1964 227). The word cut in I cut my finger is an active voice. If translated into Indonesian, the word class should be changed into a passive one, tersayat (was cut) and the addition of oleh pisau (with knife) is needed if a native speaker of Indonesian means that he or she did it by accident. There are also cases where two languages use a different class of words and a different level of utterances to denote the same meaning.The adjective adjustable in I have an adjustable chair is changed or translated into an adjective clause yang dapat disetel (which can be adjusted) in which the addition of yang (which) is obligatory to achieve grammaticality. 3. 2 Deletion of information Baker (1992 40) refers to extirpation as omission of a lexical item du e to grammatical or semantic patterns of the receptor language (Baker, 1992 40). She states further that this dodging may sound rather drastic, but in fact it does no combat injury to omit translating a word or expression in some contexts.If the meaning conveyed by a particular item or expression is not vital enough to the development of the text to relinquish distracting the reader with lengthy explanations, translators can and often do simply omit translating the word or expression in question (Baker, 1992 40). There are cases where omission is required to avoid redundancy and awkwardness (Nida, 1964 228) and this strategy is particularly applied if the source language tends be a redundant language.The category of plural form in English is both morphologically conditioned (e.g. child/children, mouse/mice), and phonologically conditioned (e. g. book/books, box/boxes, frame/pens). In some circumstances, a plural noun is also preceded by a determiner showing face pac k (some books, three pens). If the double expression of such category is reflected in Indonesian, redundancy will occur. It is by convention that the category of plural in Indonesian is lexically formed by repetition of the noun buku-buku (book-book) or by adding a noun quantifier such as beberapa (some) or tiga (three).Once a given noun is in the plural form, the quantifier has to be deleted. On the other hand, once there exists a quantifier denoting plurality, the noun in question should be in the singular form or the repetition of the noun should be avoided. As implicitly stated by Baker (1992 40) above, deletion may also refer to pieces of content rather than restructuring for grammatical purposes. Such a deletion of expressions or information is debatable in relation to the translation of faculty member texts, however.Anyone who writes an academic text, for example, will not include unimportant information in his or her writing. Similarly, anyone who reads such a tex t should consider that all information in the text is important. Translators are not an exception they should read the text as the original reader or a non-translator reader reads it. That is to say that this notion of information deletion should not be used as an excuse to hide the inability of translators to understand and transfer message of the original text. 3.3. Structural adjustment Structural adjustment is another important strategy for achieving equivalence. Structural adjustment which is also called shift (see Catford, 1965) or transposition (see Vinay and Darbellnet, 1977) or alteration (see Newmark, 1988) refers to a change in the grammar from SL to TL (Newmark, 1988 85). Similarly, Bell (1991 6) states that to shift from one language to another is, by definition, to alter the forms. The alteration of form may mean changes of categories, word classes, and word orders.Structural adjustment, according to Nida (1964 226), has various purposes, including 1) to perm it adjustment of the form of the message to the requirements of structure of the receptor language, 2) to produce semantically equivalent structures, 3) to provide equivalent stylistic appropriateness, and 4) to carry an equivalent communication load. Newmark (1988 85-87) divides the shift of forms into four types. One type of shift is the change from singular to plural or in the position of adjective.The position of an adjective in English, for example, may occur before a noun (i.e. a difficult text) or before and after a noun (i. e. a difficult text accessible in the library). An adjective in Indonesian always comes before a noun. Therefore, a difficult text and a difficult text available in the library should be translated into sebuah teks sulit (a difficult text) and sebuah teks sulit yang tersedia di perpustakaan itu (a difficult text which is available in the library or a difficult text available in the library) respectively. A indorse type of shift is required when a SL grammatical structure does not exist in the TL.In English, for example, cohesive devices such as however and nevertheless may be put at the get or in the middle of a sentence. In Indonesian, such cohesive devices always occur at the beginning of a sentence. The third type of shift is the one where literal translation is grammatically possible but may not accord with natural usage in the TL. The English sentence The man to whom she is talking on the phone lives in Jakarta can be translated literally into Laki-laki kepada siapa dia sedang berbicara di telepon tinggal di Jakarta. This literal translation is accurate in content but doesnt sound Indonesian .To conform to natural usage in Indonesian, the structure of the sentence should be adjusted into Laki-laki yang sedang berbicara dengannya di telpon tinggal di Jakarta (The man who is talking to her on the phone lives in Jakarta). The fourth type of transposition is the replacement of a virtual lexical gap by a grammatical structure (see Newmark, 1988 87). In addition to the types of alteration described above, alterations of word classes (i. e. shifts from one class of words to another or from word level to phrase or clause level) are also required due to grammatical differences between the source and target languages.The preposition with in I am married with three young girls is changed into a conjunction dan (and), and the verb mempunyai needs to be added in Indonesian. The prepositional phrase in red in The woman in red is my wife is altered into an adjective clause yang berbaju merah (who wears the red clothes). References Baker, M. 1992. In Other Words A kindbook on variation. London Sage Publication. Bell, R. T. 1991. Translation and TranslatingTheory and Practice. London Longman. Bassnett-McGuire, S. 1991. Translation Studies. New York Methuen Co.Ltd. Catford, J. C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London Longman. Hervey, S. , Higgins, I. , and Haywood, L. M. 1995. Thinking Spanish Translation A Course in Translation Method Spanish into English. London New York Routledge. Koller, W. 1995. The concept of equivalence and the object of translation studies. Target, 7 (2), 191-222. Miao, J. 2000. The limitations of equivalent effect. Perspectives Studies in Translatology, Vol. 8. No. 3, 197-205. Munday, J. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies. London New York Routledge. Nababan, M. R. 2003.Translation Processes, Practices and Products of Professional Indonesian Translators. Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis. Schools of Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. _________. 1999. Teori Menerjemah Bahasa Inggris. Yogyakarta Pustaka Pelajar. _________. 1989. Analisis terjemahan buku Research Methods and Analysis meddling for Relationship karya Michael H. Walizer dan Paul, W. Wienir ke dalam bahasa Indonesia oleh Sadiman dan Hutagaol. Unpublished Thesis. Surakarta Universitas Sebelas Maret. Newmark, P. 1 991. About Translation.Great Britain Longdunn Press, Ltd. __________. 1988. A Textbook of Translation. New York Prentice-Hall International. __________. 1981. Approaches to Translation. Oxford Pergamon Press Nida, E. 1975. Language social system and Translation. Standford, California Standford University Press. ______. 1964. Towards a Science of Translating. Leiden Brill. Vinay, J. P. and Darbelnet, J. 1965. Stylistique Comparee du Francois et de Langalis. Paris Didier. http//www. proz. com/translation-articles/articles/2071/1/EQUIVALENCE-IN-TRANSLATION%3ASOME-PROBLEM-SOLVING-STRATEGIES

Women in Vietnam Essay Example for Free

Women in Vietnam EssayIn Vietnam, women were encouraged to go within the government and another(prenominal) sectors within the state. Unlike in other countries where women are stereotyped as being weak, in Vietnam, it was different. (Insun, p47-p56) Women were treated as equals. They were given the same positions as those ones of women and were given the same respect. Women were oddly encouraged to take up the jobs which were believed to be a mans re manage. They went out of their way to serve their country as humanitarians, entertainers, military dependents, USAID, civilian nurses, in military, as correspondents and in special services. (Insun, p78-p80) There were a good number of women in Vietnam who served as professionals in the field of medicine, teaching, law, professional nurses, controllers of air traffic, language and password specialists, photographers, physical therapists, aerial reconnaissance, legal officers, security officers and administrative positions. Civili an women in Vietnam also served in the ruby Cross, journalists, humanitarian organizations and as flight attendants. They were also leaders in the churches. (Chen, p78) Despite the fact that these women were active then, they unplowed a low profile.Today, nobody can tell who these women are. This is because they dont show off and subscribe camouflaged. Women made very noble contributions towards the wars in Vietnam. They fought alongside men and did everything men did and they in fact did it a better. (Insun, p34-p67) It has been said that if the country of Vietnam must heal, women must come forward to reveal their involvements and experiences in the war. Unfortunately, they have non been recognized and acknowledged as significant in the history of Vietnam. The situation has been worsened by their stamp down and the pain and struggles kept deep within them.Women do not believe that they deserve the same comprehension and respect like that given to men. (Woodside, p678) Women in special services were mostly under the army. These armies as vigorous up as civilians were under the employees defense department. The departments that were served by women were related to recreation and morale and included the bases of the Army in the states. (Song, p456) nearly of the divisions were also related to works of arts and crafts, service clubs, libraries, movies, sports and entertainment.These women administered special programs, for example, Rest as well as the program relating to recreation. The reason why women were entrusted with these positions was their warm hearted nature. They were icon of hope to the whole of Vietnam they had a grapheme of encouraging men and giving them morale during wars. They ensured that the homes did not fall apart despite their involvements in other services. Women were good volunteers in these services and they had the welfare of the country and the people in mind.It was not a substance to serve their country since they could see t he big picture. (Taylor, p267) As librarians, women gave magazines, books and newspapers to the soldiers. The books served as sources of the correspondent courses they were taking and also for leisure. Most of their wonderful memories were hopping flights, clubs, time shared with friends as well as the loved ones. However, there were still slightly enmities created during the early days. Women fought wars along the beautiful coastline and peaceful villages and rice fields.These areas were My Lai, Chu Lai, the Que Son Valley, A Shau, Da Nang, Phu Bai and hue. Women witnessed the demise of thousands quintuple bases as well as landing zones. (Woodside, p567) At the military, women served with pride. They knew that their efforts were for a worthy cause. They knew that their conquest was a victory for all. During the womens anniversary, they gathered their past and present achievements. There were at least one thousand and devil hundred soldiers selected from the women population and served as band leaders and translators, clerks and typists. (Insun, p78)

Billy Queen Essay Example for Free

billy club puff EssayUnder and Alone by Billy Queen is an fire and illustrative book that tries to provide an in-depth analysis of an surreptitious life. The underlying theme of this book is to illustrate the difficulties of the personnel office of law enforcement agencies and how they put their life in dangers for the betterment of the society. The ultimate purpose of this book to realize good deal of the sacrifices that law-enforcement make to keep them secure.Bill queen narrates the moral, social and ethical dilemmas and other relate pathos of an undercover agent. He further points out how an undercover agent had to pitch his identity to achieve his goals and this identity change sometime changes the psychological patterns and habitual compriseations of the agent and he starts thinking to resemble himself with outlaw personalities and phenomenon. Billy Queen is one such agent who after military service in Veitnam joins the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Fire fortify .He serves in various undercover positions in his career that spans over sixteen years hardly his entry into the reciprocal ohm Californian chapter of the famous American gang Mongols (he calls them as a tight-knit collective of crazies, unpredictable and unremorseful badasses) is the most prominent and dangerous part of his life. Mongols is a larger group with twenty chapters all crosswise America with a headcount of 350 indulged in various activities such as murders, drug and arms trafficking, take motorcycles etc. in several states.The book does not look into the activities of the Mongol gang only but also provides an insight into the motives of such activities. Billy Queen discloses the fact that the motives for the formation of the gang was not steal and plundering but it was formed by the veterans of WWII who after the end of war was hankering after a life of adventures that could inflate a war lifestyle. Another big aspect of the book is that it presents the psychologica l involvement in the personality of undercover agents as they have to indulge in activities that they abhor and fight against in their real life.Billy Queen suffers from the same ambivalent personality as he has to perform sin act to win the confidence of the gang. Manifestation of this wickedness and fulfilling the demands of the gang blurs his own identity and changes his thinking and he starts considering himself as Billy St. John. Hew describes that he participated in gang activities life purchasing and selling narcotics, doing arms trafficking etc. but avoided such activities like rape, murder and dope taking at all costs.These activities form the main plot of the score but the most intense and interesting episodes of the story are related to Billys effort to thwart the pernicious activities. Billys style is intense as his humanity was at stake. The crux of the matter is that he never sacrificed duty at the altar of all hurdles, even his humanity. The duration of Billys act ivities as a undercover agent (almost 28 months) is an important factor that make us realizes the height of Billys contribution as he was all told cut off from all the social ties i. e. family, friends, colleagues etc.But he provides another facet of the story that the grave criminal activities, they (members of Mongol) riding habit to share a genuine camaraderie and during his prolonged undercover, he use to enjoy the love and carte of gangsters. He says in this regard that I had no doubt these guys authentically loved Billy St. John and would have laid down their lives for him. But they wouldnt hesitate to murder Billy Queen. But he succeeds in escaping from this tough life and with an accomplished mission as finally he triumphs in collecting evidence that dispatched eighteen Mongols to federal prison.

Reality and Truth Essay Example for Free

equityfulness and Truth EssayReality and impartiality be two so hackneyed in a commonplace objet dartner with over-lapping nouss that they each lose their own individuality. Reality is a subjective value that reflects what characterizes our world, whether it is our individual world or the world as a whole, and its conditions. Oliver Sacks The Minds core What the Blind See and Tim OBriens How to Tell a True state of war Story bring the relationship of right and veracity into question. OBrien openly uses the thin line between truth and reality to convey the message that truth and reality sustain a close relationship. Using examples of interpretation, cognition, and communication of a somebodys environment, the authors give the reader the idea that truth cannot live without reality and vise versa. The authors tie truth and reality as inter attendent. Interpretation of a certain environment unlocks the truth of the society. One society can create ace truth and one reali ty, whereas another society creates a different reality and truth. OBrien offers many interpretations of war.War is hell, but thats not the one-half of it, because war is also mystery and terror and adventure and courage and discovery and holiness and pity and desperation and longing and love. War is nasty war is fun. War is thrilling war is drudgery. War makes you a man war makes you dead. The truths are contradictory. War is grotesque. But in truth war is also beauty. (394) OBrien beliefs give an rove of meanings of war. He also emphasizes in the end, with the example of interpretations of war, that truth is contradicting. Truth is contradicting because there is more than than one truth.Truths are based a persons reality, however reality is also based on truth one cannot bring home the bacon without the other. In relation with OBrien and Nafisi, Sacks also offers a truth and reality relationship. In truth, both of Sacks correspondents were partially disen able or handicapped . In order for them to feel analogous they are not disabled, they create imaginations, their own reality, in order to fulfill themselves as regular mess in society. An individual deprived of one nisus of perception could totally reshape himself to find a new center, a new identity (Sacks 476). thus far though Sacks says Hull, a man who lost vision in his middle age, describes himself as someone who reshapes himself, all the other patients also reshape themselves in order to live as normal people. They interpret the truth of blindness, and use it to make another reality. In the end, reality becomes truth to the people because becoming a opthalmic person who is blind becomes true in their own world. In all texts, the authors interpret and experience truth and reality simultaneously one concept cannot be experienced without the dependence of the other.Through forms of communication, such as wording, truth and reality are signaln as mutually dependent. In How to Tell a True War t ale, Tim OBrien recollects his experience of telling the war story and at the end of his storytelling, a woman and always a woman would approach him and tell him she liked the war story. In response, he says Ill picture snoop Kileys face, his grief, and Ill think, You dumb cooze. Because she wasnt listening. It wasnt a war story. It was a love story (396). Stereotypically, women are seen to be more sensitive than men however, she did not empathize with him at all.He also uses the word cooze, like Rat, to show his animosity for her misunderstanding of his story. Through OBrien, he conveys that her lack of understanding meant that language was limited. She did not understand his reality, whole the events of the story because he said it was true and it occurred. For OBrien, his reality is that the feelings and the understanding portrayed in the war story is the truth, and not the actual events. For this example, OBrien indicates that truth is dependent on reality. Conversely with OBr ien, Nafisi and Sacks believe that communication can be limitless.For Sacks, he uses many examples of people who lost one of the five human senses who can communicate with people by amplifying the other senses. For the blind, Sacks emphasizes that they use language as a mediation to communicate. Blind children, it has often been noted, run for to be precocious verbally, and may develop such fluency in the verbal description of faces and places as to leave others (and perhaps themselves) uncertain as to whether they are actually blind (483). Sacks expresses that with the art of language, a person who is blind can be equally presented as one who is sighted.He includes (and perhaps themselves) to show that language is so powerful that it gives an alternate reality that blind people are just as visual as sighted people. However, truth is not realized through this reality as it was through interpretation. In Sacks example, reality is dependent on truth instead, because the alternate re ality of blind people are like sighted people is false. The reality Sacks conveys is that blind people only use language as a mediator. Cognition, which includes thought and memory, is described by the three authors as an example where the relationship of truth and reality exist in.Sacks discusses the thought and memories of three people. I have now read three memoirs, strikingly different in their depictions of the visual experience of blinded people Hull with his acquiescent descent into imageless deep blindness, Torey with his compulsive visual percept and meticulous construction of an internal visual world, and Tenberken with her impulsive, almost novelistic, visual freedom, and specific gift of synesthesia. (481) Here, in Sacks example, reality is dependent of truth because these three people must have been blind before they experience visualization derived from the minds eye.However, the experience each person has is different. They have a reality which becomes true to them, making truth depend on reality. The thoughts of Sacks correspondents has given them truth through reality. Like Sacks, OBrien offers truth-reality association. Rat, who is OBriens friend, refers to the slant as dead gook fish (387) and the water buffalo as a VC (Tim OBrien 393). OBrien clearly shows the gook and the VC to show Rats thought of the animals he sees them as the enemy. The truth is that these animals cannot really be the enemy, because it would just be an absurdity.For rat, he calls the water buffalo a VC hardly because he wants to exert his anger upon the baby water buffalo, which is derived from the death of his friend. By sidesplitting the VC, Rat was able to alleviate his feelings by creating the reality of killing the enemy baby buffalo. He created a reality of killing an enemy, which is developed from the truth of his friends death. With the truth of his death, a reality was created to make himself feel better. Truth in turns is also taken from reality because h e really sees the animals as an enemy, which is a reality that becomes true for him.